Graduate Education during COVID-19 Pandemic: Inputs to Policy Formulation in the New Normal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32871/rmrj2008.02.07Keywords:
challenges, COVID-19, Filipino, graduate education, policy inputsAbstract
This qualitative research describes the experiences of Filipino graduate students as they continue with their schooling during the COVID-19 pandemic. Particular challenges faced are related to technology and internet access. As graduate work is expected to be about research tasks, subscribing to paid resources is seen as an issue. It is also crucial to recognize how the experience has caused stress for students. The experienced challenges are resolved by augmenting students’ technological capacity, realigning personal values and perspectives, and resorting to free and open access journals to sustain research activities. The COVID-19 experience has taught graduate students the importance of technology, the significance of revisiting one’s values, and the reflection on their quest to finish their graduate studies. Lastly, assistance to graduate students can be done by proactively offering infrastructure assistance, socio-emotional support, and institutionalizing responsive and flexible communication mechanisms.
References
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Bernstein, S. A., Gu, A., Chretien, K. C., & Gold, J. A. (2020). Graduate medical education virtual interviews and recruitment in the era of COVID-19. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 12(5), 557-560.
Bonaccorsi, G., Pierri, F., Cinelli, M., Flori, A., Galeazzi, A., Porcelli, F., & Pammolli, F. (2020). Economic and social consequences of human mobility restrictions under COVID-19. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(27), 15530-15535.
Byrnes, Y. M., Civantos, A. M., Go, B. C., McWilliams, T. L., & Rajasekaran, K. (2020). Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical student career perceptions: a national survey study. Medical education online, 25(1), 1798088.
Calhoun, K. E., Yale, L. A., Whipple, M. E., Allen, S. M., Wood, D. E., & Tatum, R. P. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on medical student surgical education: implementing extreme pandemic response measures in a widely distributed surgical clerkship experience. The American Journal of Surgery, 220 (1), pp. 44 – 47.
Cheng, S. Y., Wang, C. J., Shen, A. C. T., & Chang, S. C. (2020). How to safely reopen colleges and universities during COVID-19: experiences from Taiwan. Annals of Internal Medicine.
Colgan, J. (2017). Gender bias in international relations graduate education? New evidence from Syllabi. PS: Political Science & Politics, 50(2), 456-460.
Crawford, J., Butler-Henderson, K., Rudolph, J., Malkawi, B., Glowatz, M., Burton, R., ... & Lam, S. (2020). COVID-19: 20 countries' higher education intra-period digital pedagogy responses. Journal of Applied Learning & Teaching, 3(1), 1-20.
Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design. Second Edition. California: Sage Publications.
Das, S., Kim, A., & Karmakar, S. (2020). Change-point analysis of cyberbullying-related Twitter discussions during COVID-19. arXiv preprint arXiv:2008.13613.
Dave, D., Friedson, A. I., Matsuzawa, K., & Sabia, J. J. (2020). When do shelterâ€inâ€place orders fight COVIDâ€19 best? Policy Heterogeneity Across States and Adoption Time. Economic Inquiry.
Evans, T. M., Bira, L., Beltranâ€Gastelum, J., Weiss, L. T., & Vanderford, N. (2017). Mental health crisis in graduate education: The data and intervention strategies. The FASEB Journal, 31, 750-7.
Fauzi, I., & Khusuma, I. H. S. (2020). Teachers’ Elementary School in Online Learning of COVID-19 Pandemic Conditions. Jurnal Iqra': Kajian Ilmu Pendidikan, 5(1), 58-70.
Fernandes, N. (2020). Economic effects of coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19) on the world economy. Available at SSRN 3557504.
Garbe, A., Ogurlu, U., Logan, N., & Cook, P. (2020). Parents’ experiences with remote education during COVID-19 school closures. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 4(3), 45-65.
Gonzalez, T., de la Rubia, M. A., Hincz, K. P., Comas-Lopez, M., Subirats, L., Fort, S., & Sacha, G. M. (2020). Influence of COVID-19 confinement on students’ performance in higher education. PloS one, 15(10), e0239490.
Jena, P. K. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 on higher education in India. International Journal of Advanced Education and Research (IJAER), 5.
Keswani, R. N., Sethi, A., Repici, A., Messman, H., & Chiu, P. (2020). How to maximize trainee education during the COVID-19 pandemic: perspectives from around the world. Gastroenterology, 159 (1): 26–29.
Khalil, R., Mansour, A. E., Fadda, W. A., Almisnid, K., Aldamegh, M., Al-Nafeesah, A., & Al-Wutayd, O. (2020). The sudden transition to synchronized online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia: a qualitative study exploring medical students’ perspectives. BMC medical education, 20(1), 1-10.
König, J., Jäger-Biela, D. J., & Glutsch, N. (2020). Adapting to online teaching during COVID-19 school closure: Teacher education and teacher competence effects among early career teachers in Germany. European Journal of Teacher Education, 43(4), 608-622.
Lackie, K., Najjar, G., El-Awaisi, A., Frost, J., Green, C., Langlois, S., ... & Khalili, H. (2020). Interprofessional education and collaborative practice research during the COVID-19 pandemic: Considerations to advance the field. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 1-4.
Li, H. O., & Bailey, A. (2020). Medical education amid the COVID-19 pandemic: New perspectives for the future. Academic medicine: journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 10.1097/ACM.0000000000003594. Advance online publication.
Li, J., Xie, P., Ai, B., & Li, L. (2020). Multilingual communication experiences of international students during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Multilingua, 39(5), 529-539.
Machado, R. A., Bonan, P. R. F., Perez, D. E. D. C., & Martelli Junior, H. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and the impact on dental education: discussing current and future perspectives. Brazilian oral research, 34.
Masonbrink, A. R., & Hurley, E. (2020). Advocating for children during the COVID-19 school closures. Pediatrics, 146(3).
Melnick, H., & Darling-Hammond, L. (2020). Reopening schools in the context of COVID-19: Health and safety guidelines from other countries. Policy Brief. Learning Policy Institute.
Meng, L., Hua, F., & Bian, Z. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): emerging and future challenges for dental and oral medicine. Journal of Dental Research, 99(5), 481-487.
Mogaji, E., & Jain, V. (2020). Impact of the pandemic on higher education in emerging countries: Emerging opportunities, challenges, and research agenda. Challenges and Research Agenda (June 8, 2020).
Mohmmed, A. O., Khidhir, B. A., Nazeer, A., & Vijayan, V. J. (2020). Emergency remote teaching during Coronavirus pandemic: the current trend and future directive at Middle East College Oman. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 5(3), 1-11.
Murphy, M. P. (2020). COVID-19 and emergency eLearning: Consequences of the securitization of higher education for post-pandemic pedagogy. Contemporary Security Policy, 1-14.
Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., & Agha, R. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review. International journal of surgery (London, England), 78, 185.
O'Meara, K., Griffin, K. A., Kuvaeva, A., Nyunt, G., & Robinson, T. N. (2017). Sense of belonging and its contributing factors in graduate education. International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 12, 251-279.
Pastor, C. K. L. (2020). Sentiment analysis on synchronous online delivery of instruction due to extreme community quarantine in the Philippines caused by Covid-19 pandemic. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 3(1), 1-6.
Phelps, C., & Sperry, L. L. (2020). Children and the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), S73.
Piryani, R. M., Piryani, S., Piryani, S., Shankar, P. R., & Shakya, D. R. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on medical education: Challenges and opportunities for medical educators in South Asia. Journal of BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, 3(1), 28-38.
Posselt, J. R., & Grodsky, E. (2017). Graduate education and social stratification. Annual review of sociology, 43, 353-378.
Psacharopoulos, G., Collis, V., Patrinos, H. A., & Vegas, E. (2020). Lost wages: The COVID-19 cost of school closures. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (9246).
Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations. General psychiatry, 33 (2).
Ramos, M. Y. (2018). Internationalization of graduate education in. Educ. Pesqui, 44, e161579.
Rana, T., Hackett, C., Quezada, T., Chaturvedi, A., Bakalov, V., Leonardo, J., & Rana, S. (2020). Medicine and surgery residents’ perspectives on the impact of COVID-19 on graduate medical education. Medical education online, 25(1), 1818439.
Rapanta, C., Botturi, L., Goodyear, P., Guà rdia, L., & Koole, M. (2020). Online university teaching during and after the Covid-19 crisis: Refocusing teacher presence and learning activity. Postdigital Science and Education, 2(3), 923-945.
Sáiz-Manzanares, M. C., Marticorena-Sánchez, R., & Ochoa-Orihuel, J. (2020). Effectiveness of using voice assistants in learning: A study at the time of COVID-19. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(15), 5618.
Shahzad, S. K., Hussain, J., Sadaf, N., Sarwat, S., Ghani, U., & Saleem, R. (2020). Impact of virtual teaching on ESL learners' attitudes under COVID-19 circumstances at post graduate level in Pakistan. English Language Teaching, 13(9), 1-9.
Sullivan, L. M., Velez, A. A., & Galea, S. (2020). Graduate public health education in the post-COVID-19 era. The Lancet Public Health, 5(9), e473.
Sunasee, R. (2020). Challenges of teaching organic chemistry during COVID-19 pandemic at a primarily undergraduate institution. Journal of Chemical Education, 97(9), 3176-3181.
Suryaman, M., Cahyono, Y., Muliansyah, D., Bustani, O., Suryani, P., Fahlevi, M., & Munthe, A. P. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic and home learning system: Does it affect the quality of pharmacy school learning? Syst. Rev. Pharm, 11, 524-530.
Talidong, K. J. B., & Toquero, C. M. D. (2020). Philippine teachers’ practices to deal with anxiety amid COVID-19. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 1-7.
Toquero, C. M. (2020). Emergency remote teaching amid COVID-19: The turning point. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), 185-188.
Tran, V. T., & Ravaud, P. (2020). COVID-19–related perceptions, context and attitudes of adults with chronic conditions: Results from a cross-sectional survey nested in the ComPaRe e-cohort. PloS one, 15(8), e0237296.
Van Lancker, W., & Parolin, Z. (2020). COVID-19, school closures, and child poverty: a social crisis in the making. The Lancet Public Health, 5(5), e243-e244.
Verma, A., Verma, S., Garg, P., & Godara, R. (2020). Online teaching during COVID-19: perception of medical undergraduate students. Indian Journal of Surgery, 82(3), 299-300.
Watanabe, T., & Omori, Y. (2020). Online consumption during the covid-19 crisis: Evidence from Japan. Covid Economics, 38(16), 218-252.
Wu, D. T., Wu, K. Y., Nguyen, T. T., & Tran, S. D. (2020). The impact of COVIDâ€19 on dental education in North America—Where do we go next?. European Journal of Dental Education, 00: 1– 3
Yen, T. F. T. (2020). The performance of online teaching for flipped classroom based on COVID-19 aspect. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 57-64.
Zhang, Y., & Ma, Z. F. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and quality of life among residents in Liaoning Province, China: A cross-sectional study. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17 (7), 2381.
Angelova, M. (2020). Students’ attitudes to the online university course of management in the context of COVID-19. International Journal of Technology in Education and Science (IJTES), 4(4), 283-292.
Askitas, N., Tatsiramos, K., & Verheyden, B. (2020). Lockdown strategies, mobility patterns, and covid-19. arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.00531.
Auger, K. A., Shah, S. S., Richardson, T., Hartley, D., Hall, M., Warniment, A. & Schondelmeyer, A. C. (2020). Association between state-wide school closure and COVID-19 incidence and mortality in the US. JAMA, 324(9):859–870.
Bal, I. A., Arslan, O., Budhrani, K., Mao, Z., Novak, K., & Muljana, P. S. (2020). The balance of roles: Graduate student perspectives during the COVID-19 pandemic. TechTrends, 1-3.
Bao, W. (2020). COVIDâ€19 and online teaching in higher education: A case study of Peking University. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2(2), 113-115.
Bernstein, S. A., Gu, A., Chretien, K. C., & Gold, J. A. (2020). Graduate medical education virtual interviews and recruitment in the era of COVID-19. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 12(5), 557-560.
Bonaccorsi, G., Pierri, F., Cinelli, M., Flori, A., Galeazzi, A., Porcelli, F., & Pammolli, F. (2020). Economic and social consequences of human mobility restrictions under COVID-19. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(27), 15530-15535.
Byrnes, Y. M., Civantos, A. M., Go, B. C., McWilliams, T. L., & Rajasekaran, K. (2020). Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical student career perceptions: a national survey study. Medical education online, 25(1), 1798088.
Calhoun, K. E., Yale, L. A., Whipple, M. E., Allen, S. M., Wood, D. E., & Tatum, R. P. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on medical student surgical education: implementing extreme pandemic response measures in a widely distributed surgical clerkship experience. The American Journal of Surgery, 220 (1), pp. 44 – 47.
Cheng, S. Y., Wang, C. J., Shen, A. C. T., & Chang, S. C. (2020). How to safely reopen colleges and universities during COVID-19: experiences from Taiwan. Annals of Internal Medicine.
Colgan, J. (2017). Gender bias in international relations graduate education? New evidence from Syllabi. PS: Political Science & Politics, 50(2), 456-460.
Crawford, J., Butler-Henderson, K., Rudolph, J., Malkawi, B., Glowatz, M., Burton, R., ... & Lam, S. (2020). COVID-19: 20 countries' higher education intra-period digital pedagogy responses. Journal of Applied Learning & Teaching, 3(1), 1-20.
Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design. Second Edition. California: Sage Publications.
Das, S., Kim, A., & Karmakar, S. (2020). Change-point analysis of cyberbullying-related Twitter discussions during COVID-19. arXiv preprint arXiv:2008.13613.
Dave, D., Friedson, A. I., Matsuzawa, K., & Sabia, J. J. (2020). When do shelterâ€inâ€place orders fight COVIDâ€19 best? Policy Heterogeneity Across States and Adoption Time. Economic Inquiry.
Evans, T. M., Bira, L., Beltranâ€Gastelum, J., Weiss, L. T., & Vanderford, N. (2017). Mental health crisis in graduate education: The data and intervention strategies. The FASEB Journal, 31, 750-7.
Fauzi, I., & Khusuma, I. H. S. (2020). Teachers’ Elementary School in Online Learning of COVID-19 Pandemic Conditions. Jurnal Iqra': Kajian Ilmu Pendidikan, 5(1), 58-70.
Fernandes, N. (2020). Economic effects of coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19) on the world economy. Available at SSRN 3557504.
Garbe, A., Ogurlu, U., Logan, N., & Cook, P. (2020). Parents’ experiences with remote education during COVID-19 school closures. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 4(3), 45-65.
Gonzalez, T., de la Rubia, M. A., Hincz, K. P., Comas-Lopez, M., Subirats, L., Fort, S., & Sacha, G. M. (2020). Influence of COVID-19 confinement on students’ performance in higher education. PloS one, 15(10), e0239490.
Jena, P. K. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 on higher education in India. International Journal of Advanced Education and Research (IJAER), 5.
Keswani, R. N., Sethi, A., Repici, A., Messman, H., & Chiu, P. (2020). How to maximize trainee education during the COVID-19 pandemic: perspectives from around the world. Gastroenterology, 159 (1): 26–29.
Khalil, R., Mansour, A. E., Fadda, W. A., Almisnid, K., Aldamegh, M., Al-Nafeesah, A., & Al-Wutayd, O. (2020). The sudden transition to synchronized online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia: a qualitative study exploring medical students’ perspectives. BMC medical education, 20(1), 1-10.
König, J., Jäger-Biela, D. J., & Glutsch, N. (2020). Adapting to online teaching during COVID-19 school closure: Teacher education and teacher competence effects among early career teachers in Germany. European Journal of Teacher Education, 43(4), 608-622.
Lackie, K., Najjar, G., El-Awaisi, A., Frost, J., Green, C., Langlois, S., ... & Khalili, H. (2020). Interprofessional education and collaborative practice research during the COVID-19 pandemic: Considerations to advance the field. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 1-4.
Li, H. O., & Bailey, A. (2020). Medical education amid the COVID-19 pandemic: New perspectives for the future. Academic medicine: journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 10.1097/ACM.0000000000003594. Advance online publication.
Li, J., Xie, P., Ai, B., & Li, L. (2020). Multilingual communication experiences of international students during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Multilingua, 39(5), 529-539.
Machado, R. A., Bonan, P. R. F., Perez, D. E. D. C., & Martelli Junior, H. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and the impact on dental education: discussing current and future perspectives. Brazilian oral research, 34.
Masonbrink, A. R., & Hurley, E. (2020). Advocating for children during the COVID-19 school closures. Pediatrics, 146(3).
Melnick, H., & Darling-Hammond, L. (2020). Reopening schools in the context of COVID-19: Health and safety guidelines from other countries. Policy Brief. Learning Policy Institute.
Meng, L., Hua, F., & Bian, Z. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): emerging and future challenges for dental and oral medicine. Journal of Dental Research, 99(5), 481-487.
Mogaji, E., & Jain, V. (2020). Impact of the pandemic on higher education in emerging countries: Emerging opportunities, challenges, and research agenda. Challenges and Research Agenda (June 8, 2020).
Mohmmed, A. O., Khidhir, B. A., Nazeer, A., & Vijayan, V. J. (2020). Emergency remote teaching during Coronavirus pandemic: the current trend and future directive at Middle East College Oman. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 5(3), 1-11.
Murphy, M. P. (2020). COVID-19 and emergency eLearning: Consequences of the securitization of higher education for post-pandemic pedagogy. Contemporary Security Policy, 1-14.
Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., & Agha, R. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review. International journal of surgery (London, England), 78, 185.
O'Meara, K., Griffin, K. A., Kuvaeva, A., Nyunt, G., & Robinson, T. N. (2017). Sense of belonging and its contributing factors in graduate education. International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 12, 251-279.
Pastor, C. K. L. (2020). Sentiment analysis on synchronous online delivery of instruction due to extreme community quarantine in the Philippines caused by Covid-19 pandemic. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 3(1), 1-6.
Phelps, C., & Sperry, L. L. (2020). Children and the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), S73.
Piryani, R. M., Piryani, S., Piryani, S., Shankar, P. R., & Shakya, D. R. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on medical education: Challenges and opportunities for medical educators in South Asia. Journal of BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, 3(1), 28-38.
Posselt, J. R., & Grodsky, E. (2017). Graduate education and social stratification. Annual review of sociology, 43, 353-378.
Psacharopoulos, G., Collis, V., Patrinos, H. A., & Vegas, E. (2020). Lost wages: The COVID-19 cost of school closures. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (9246).
Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations. General psychiatry, 33 (2).
Ramos, M. Y. (2018). Internationalization of graduate education in. Educ. Pesqui, 44, e161579.
Rana, T., Hackett, C., Quezada, T., Chaturvedi, A., Bakalov, V., Leonardo, J., & Rana, S. (2020). Medicine and surgery residents’ perspectives on the impact of COVID-19 on graduate medical education. Medical education online, 25(1), 1818439.
Rapanta, C., Botturi, L., Goodyear, P., Guà rdia, L., & Koole, M. (2020). Online university teaching during and after the Covid-19 crisis: Refocusing teacher presence and learning activity. Postdigital Science and Education, 2(3), 923-945.
Sáiz-Manzanares, M. C., Marticorena-Sánchez, R., & Ochoa-Orihuel, J. (2020). Effectiveness of using voice assistants in learning: A study at the time of COVID-19. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(15), 5618.
Shahzad, S. K., Hussain, J., Sadaf, N., Sarwat, S., Ghani, U., & Saleem, R. (2020). Impact of virtual teaching on ESL learners' attitudes under COVID-19 circumstances at post graduate level in Pakistan. English Language Teaching, 13(9), 1-9.
Sullivan, L. M., Velez, A. A., & Galea, S. (2020). Graduate public health education in the post-COVID-19 era. The Lancet Public Health, 5(9), e473.
Sunasee, R. (2020). Challenges of teaching organic chemistry during COVID-19 pandemic at a primarily undergraduate institution. Journal of Chemical Education, 97(9), 3176-3181.
Suryaman, M., Cahyono, Y., Muliansyah, D., Bustani, O., Suryani, P., Fahlevi, M., & Munthe, A. P. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic and home learning system: Does it affect the quality of pharmacy school learning? Syst. Rev. Pharm, 11, 524-530.
Talidong, K. J. B., & Toquero, C. M. D. (2020). Philippine teachers’ practices to deal with anxiety amid COVID-19. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 1-7.
Toquero, C. M. (2020). Emergency remote teaching amid COVID-19: The turning point. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), 185-188.
Tran, V. T., & Ravaud, P. (2020). COVID-19–related perceptions, context and attitudes of adults with chronic conditions: Results from a cross-sectional survey nested in the ComPaRe e-cohort. PloS one, 15(8), e0237296.
Van Lancker, W., & Parolin, Z. (2020). COVID-19, school closures, and child poverty: a social crisis in the making. The Lancet Public Health, 5(5), e243-e244.
Verma, A., Verma, S., Garg, P., & Godara, R. (2020). Online teaching during COVID-19: perception of medical undergraduate students. Indian Journal of Surgery, 82(3), 299-300.
Watanabe, T., & Omori, Y. (2020). Online consumption during the covid-19 crisis: Evidence from Japan. Covid Economics, 38(16), 218-252.
Wu, D. T., Wu, K. Y., Nguyen, T. T., & Tran, S. D. (2020). The impact of COVIDâ€19 on dental education in North America—Where do we go next?. European Journal of Dental Education, 00: 1– 3
Yen, T. F. T. (2020). The performance of online teaching for flipped classroom based on COVID-19 aspect. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 57-64.
Zhang, Y., & Ma, Z. F. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and quality of life among residents in Liaoning Province, China: A cross-sectional study. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17 (7), 2381.
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2020-12-31
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Ancho, I. (2020). Graduate Education during COVID-19 Pandemic: Inputs to Policy Formulation in the New Normal. Recoletos Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 8(2), 87–105. https://doi.org/10.32871/rmrj2008.02.07
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