Philosophical Bases of Research Methods: An Integrative Narrative Review Part 1
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32871/rmrj1301.02.23Keywords:
quantitative-qualitative divide, philosophical stances, ontology, epistemologyAbstract
This narrative review examined the philosophical bases of research methods in
terms of: (1) ontology; and (2) epistemology. Three search strategies were observed including: (1) data search for published research; (2) public engine and manual search; and (3) stakeholders input. Subthemes under ontologic assumptions are: (1) singular vs plural reality; (2) empirical vs subjective reality; (3) scientific vs sensuous reality; (4) when the singularity and plurality of reality converge; (5) definitive vs subjective truth; (6) continuum vs polarity; (7) what really is real; (8) truth, reality and knowledge; and (9) seeing the truth and reality of an objective/subjective from different perspective. The focus of the lens is guided by philosophical stances. Each paradigm seeks truth, reality and knowledge. Though quantitative claimed objectivity and qualitative claim subjectivity, both unconsciously observe the same processes. The division is a continuum that delights its deficiencies. This is when divergence converges.
References
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Thousand oaks, CA: Sage Publication.
Baruch, G. (1981). Moral tales. Journal of Sociology, 3(3), 275-296.
Beck, C. T. (1994). Phenomenology: Its use in nursing research. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 31, 499-510.
Berg, B. (2007). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences (6th Ed.). Boston: Pearson Education.
Bird, A. (2004). Kuhn, naturalism, and the positivist legacy. Studies in History and Philosophy Science, 35, 337-356.
Borgdoff, H. (2009). Artistic research within the fields of science.Sensous Knowledge 6. Bergen: Bergen National Academy of Arts.
Borman, G., Slavin, R. E., Cheung, A., Chamberlain, A., Madden, N. A., & Chambers, B. (2007). Final reading outcomes of the national randomized field trial of success for all.American Educational Research Journal, 44(3) 701-731.Winner of the 2008 Palmer O. Johnson Award, AERA.
Bradley, F. (1914). Essays on truth and reality. Oxford: Claredon Press.
Burnard, P. (2008). A phenomenological study of music teachers’ approaches to inclusive education practices among disaffected youths.
Research Studies in Music Education, 30, 59-75. doi:10.1177/1321103X08089890
Campbell, D. T. (1956). Leadership and its effects upon the group. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press.
Campbell, D. T., and Fiske, D. W. (1959).Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitraitmultimethod matrix.Psychological Bulletin, 56(2), 81-105.
Clark, A. M. (1998). The qualitative-quantitative debate: Moving form positivism and confrontation to postpositivism and reconcilaition. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 27, 1242-1249.
Clegg, J. W. & Slife, B. (2009). Research ethics in the postmodern context. In Mertens, D. M., & Ginsberg, P. E. (Eds.), The Handbook of Social Research Ethics (pp. 22-38). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publication.
Comte, A. (1848). Cours de philosophie positive. Translated by Bridges, J. H. (1965). London: Trübner & Co.
Cook, T. D. (1985). Post-positivism critical multiplism. In Shotland, R. L., & Mark, M. M. (Eds.), Social Science and Social Policy (pp. 21-62). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publication.
Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions (2nd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication.
Crossan, F. (2011). Research philosophy: Towards an understanding. Nurse Researcher, 11(1), 46-55.
Crotty, M. (1998). The foundations of social research. London: Sage Publication.
Denzin, N. K. (1989). The research act (3rd Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Duffy, M. E. (1985). Designing nursing research: The qualitative-quantitative debate. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 10(3), 225-232.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.1985.tb00516.x
Fitzgerald, B., & Howcroft, D. (1998). Towards the solution of the IS Research Debate: From Polarisation to Polarity. Journal of Information Technology, 13(4), 313-326.
Friedman, M. (1991). The re-evaluation of logical positivism.The Journal of Philosophy, 88, 505-519.
Gerring, J., & Thomas, C. W. (2011). Quantitative and qualitative: A question of comparability. In Badie, B., Berg-Schlosser, D., & Morlino, L. (Eds.), International encyclopedia of political science. Thousand Oaks,
CA: Publication. doi:10.4135/9781412994163
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1981). Effective evaluation: Improving the usefulness ofevaluation results through responsive and naturalistic approaches. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 105-117). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication.
Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and time. Translations by Macquarrie, J., & Robinson, E. (Reprinted version 1980). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Heidegger, M. (1971). Poetry, language, thought. New York: Harper & Row.
Holden, M. T., & Lynch, P. (2004). Choosing the appropriate methodology: Understanding research philosophy. The Marketing Review, 4, 397-409.
Howe, K. R. (1988). Against the quantitative-qualitative incompatibility thesis (or dogmas die hard). Educational Researcher, 17, 10-16.
Howe, K. R., & Eisenhart, M. (1990). Standards in qualitative (and quantitative) research: a prolegomenon. Educational Researcher, 9(4), 2-9.
Joachim, H. H. (1906). The nature of truth; An essay. Oxford: Clarendon press.
Koch, T., & Harrington, A. (1998). Reconceptualizing rigour: The case of reflexivity. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 28 (4), 882-890. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.1998.00725.x
Kuhn, T. S. (1962). The structure of scientific revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kuhn, T. S. (1970a). The structure of scientific revolution (2nd Ed.) Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kuhn, T. S. (1970b). Logic of discovery or psychology of research? In Lakatos, I. & Musgrave, A. (Eds.), Criticism and growth of knowledge (pp. 1-23). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kuhn, T. S. (1970c). Reflections on my critics. In Lakatos, I. & Musgrave, A. (Eds.), Criticism and growth of knowledge (pp. 231-278). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kuzel, A. J., & Like, R. C. (1991). Standards of trustworthiness for qualitative studies in primary care. In Norton, P. G., Steward, M., Tudiver, F., Bass, M. J., & Dunn, E. V. (Eds.), Primary Care Research (pp. 138-158). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publication.
Laudan, L. (1977). Progress and its problems: Toward a theory of science growth. Berkeley, CA: University of California press.
Leach, M. (1990). Philosophical choice. Journal of Education, 3(3), 16-18.
LeCompte, M. D., & Goertz, J. P. (1982). Problems of reliability and validity in ethnographic research. Review of Educational Research, 52(1), 31-60.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (2000). Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and energing confluencies. In Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.), The handbook of qualitative research (2nd Ed., pp. 163-188). London: Sage Publication.
Maxwell, J. (2004). Re-emergent scientism, postmodernism, and dialogue across differences. Qualitative Inquiry, 10(1), 35–41.
Mertens, D. M. (2010). Research and evaluation in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods (3rd Ed.). London: Sage Publication.
Morgan, G., & Smircich, L. (1980). The case of qualitative research.Academy of Management Review, 5, 491-500.
Müller-Lyer, F. C. (1889). Optische Urteilstäuschugen. Archiv Für Anatomie und Physiologie, Physiologische Abteilung, 2, 263-270.
Norton, B. (2007). Naturalism vs non-naturalism in environmental ethics: Towards an empirical conception of sense of place. Keynote speech,
joint meetings of the International Society for Environmental Ethics and the International Association for Environmental Philosophy. Allenspark, CO, May 29, 2007.
Paley, J. (1997). Husserl, phenomenology and nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 26, 187-193.
Patton, M. (2002). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (3rd Ed.). London Sage Publication.
Payne, S., Seymour, J., & Ingleton, C. (2003). Response to: Watson’s guest editorial “Scientific methods are the only credible way forward for nursing researchâ€. (Journal of Advanced Nursing, 43, 219-220).
Journal of Advanced Nursing, 44 (5), 546-548.
Plato (360 BCE/1941). The republic. Translated by Jowett B. (1941). New York: The Modern Library.
Polanyi, M. (1962). Personal knowledge: Towards a postcritical philosophy. London: Routedge&Kegan Paul.
Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2008). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (8th Ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters KluwerHealth/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Polit, D. F., & Hungler, B. P. (1999). Nursing research: Principles and methods (6th Ed.). New York: Lippincott.
Racher, F. E., & Robinsons, S. (2002). Are phenomenology and positivism stange bedfellows? Western Journalof Nursing Research, 25, 464-481.
Ratnesar, N. P. (2005). The quantitative-qualitative divide and the bayesian view. International Education Research Conference. UWS, Parramatta.
Reichardt, C. S., & Rallis, S. F. (1994). The relationship between the qualitative and quantitative research traditions. In Reichardt, C. S., & Rallis, S. F. (Eds.), Thequalitative-quantitative debate: New
perspectives (pp. 5-11). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Rubin, A., & Babbie, E. (1993). Research methods for social work (2nd Ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Rubin, A., & Babbie, E. (2001). Research methods for social work (3rd Ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Schlick, M. (1959). Positivism and realism. In Ayer, A. J. (Ed.), Logical positivism (pp.82-107). New York: Free Press.
Schwandt, T. A. (2000). Three epistemological stances for qualitative inquiry: Interpretivism, hermeneutics, and social constructionism. In Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.), The handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 189-213). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication.
Schwandt, T. A. (2002). Evaluation practice reconsidered. New York: Peter Lang.
Scotland, J. (2012). Exploring the philosophical underpinnings of research: Relating ontology and epistemology to the methodology and methods of the scientific, interpretive, and critical research paradigms. English Language Teaching, 5(9), 9-16.
Small, M. L. (2008). Lost in translation: How not to make qualitative research more scientific. In Lamont, M., & White, P. (Eds), Report from Workshop on Interdisciplinary Standards for Systematic Qualitative Research. Washington, DC: National Science Foundation.
Steel, D. (2005). Naturalism and the enlightenment ideal: Rethinking a central debate in philosophy of science. Retrieved October 18, 2012 from https://www.msu.edu/~steel/Rethnk_Intrp_vs_Nat.pdf
Tewksbury, R. (2009). Qualitative versus qualitative methods: Understanding why qualitative methods are superior for criminology and criminal justice. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Criminology, 1(1), 38-58.
Wagemans, J., Eleder, J. H., Kubovy, M., Palmer, S. E., Peterson, M. A. Singh, M. & von der Heydt, R. (2012). A. Century of gestalt psychology in visual percention: I. perceptual grouping and figureground organization. Psychological Bulletin, 138(6), 1172-1217. doi:10.1037/a0029333.
Walker, R. C. S. (1989). The coherence theory of truth: Realism, anti-realism, idealism. London and New York: Routledge.
Werkmeister, W. H. (1937a). Seven theses of logical positivism critically examined I. The Philosophical Review, 46, 276-297.
Werkmeister, W. H. (1937b). Seven theses of logical positivism critically examined II. The Philosophical Review, 46, 357-376.
Woodhouse, L. D., & Livingood, W. C. (1991). Exploring the versatility of qualitative design. Qualitative Research, 1(4), 434-445.
Young, J. O. (2013). The coherence theory of truth. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved May 6, 2013 from http://plato.standford.edu/entries/truth=coherence/#Ver
Thousand oaks, CA: Sage Publication.
Baruch, G. (1981). Moral tales. Journal of Sociology, 3(3), 275-296.
Beck, C. T. (1994). Phenomenology: Its use in nursing research. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 31, 499-510.
Berg, B. (2007). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences (6th Ed.). Boston: Pearson Education.
Bird, A. (2004). Kuhn, naturalism, and the positivist legacy. Studies in History and Philosophy Science, 35, 337-356.
Borgdoff, H. (2009). Artistic research within the fields of science.Sensous Knowledge 6. Bergen: Bergen National Academy of Arts.
Borman, G., Slavin, R. E., Cheung, A., Chamberlain, A., Madden, N. A., & Chambers, B. (2007). Final reading outcomes of the national randomized field trial of success for all.American Educational Research Journal, 44(3) 701-731.Winner of the 2008 Palmer O. Johnson Award, AERA.
Bradley, F. (1914). Essays on truth and reality. Oxford: Claredon Press.
Burnard, P. (2008). A phenomenological study of music teachers’ approaches to inclusive education practices among disaffected youths.
Research Studies in Music Education, 30, 59-75. doi:10.1177/1321103X08089890
Campbell, D. T. (1956). Leadership and its effects upon the group. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press.
Campbell, D. T., and Fiske, D. W. (1959).Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitraitmultimethod matrix.Psychological Bulletin, 56(2), 81-105.
Clark, A. M. (1998). The qualitative-quantitative debate: Moving form positivism and confrontation to postpositivism and reconcilaition. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 27, 1242-1249.
Clegg, J. W. & Slife, B. (2009). Research ethics in the postmodern context. In Mertens, D. M., & Ginsberg, P. E. (Eds.), The Handbook of Social Research Ethics (pp. 22-38). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publication.
Comte, A. (1848). Cours de philosophie positive. Translated by Bridges, J. H. (1965). London: Trübner & Co.
Cook, T. D. (1985). Post-positivism critical multiplism. In Shotland, R. L., & Mark, M. M. (Eds.), Social Science and Social Policy (pp. 21-62). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publication.
Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions (2nd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication.
Crossan, F. (2011). Research philosophy: Towards an understanding. Nurse Researcher, 11(1), 46-55.
Crotty, M. (1998). The foundations of social research. London: Sage Publication.
Denzin, N. K. (1989). The research act (3rd Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Duffy, M. E. (1985). Designing nursing research: The qualitative-quantitative debate. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 10(3), 225-232.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.1985.tb00516.x
Fitzgerald, B., & Howcroft, D. (1998). Towards the solution of the IS Research Debate: From Polarisation to Polarity. Journal of Information Technology, 13(4), 313-326.
Friedman, M. (1991). The re-evaluation of logical positivism.The Journal of Philosophy, 88, 505-519.
Gerring, J., & Thomas, C. W. (2011). Quantitative and qualitative: A question of comparability. In Badie, B., Berg-Schlosser, D., & Morlino, L. (Eds.), International encyclopedia of political science. Thousand Oaks,
CA: Publication. doi:10.4135/9781412994163
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1981). Effective evaluation: Improving the usefulness ofevaluation results through responsive and naturalistic approaches. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 105-117). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication.
Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and time. Translations by Macquarrie, J., & Robinson, E. (Reprinted version 1980). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Heidegger, M. (1971). Poetry, language, thought. New York: Harper & Row.
Holden, M. T., & Lynch, P. (2004). Choosing the appropriate methodology: Understanding research philosophy. The Marketing Review, 4, 397-409.
Howe, K. R. (1988). Against the quantitative-qualitative incompatibility thesis (or dogmas die hard). Educational Researcher, 17, 10-16.
Howe, K. R., & Eisenhart, M. (1990). Standards in qualitative (and quantitative) research: a prolegomenon. Educational Researcher, 9(4), 2-9.
Joachim, H. H. (1906). The nature of truth; An essay. Oxford: Clarendon press.
Koch, T., & Harrington, A. (1998). Reconceptualizing rigour: The case of reflexivity. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 28 (4), 882-890. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.1998.00725.x
Kuhn, T. S. (1962). The structure of scientific revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kuhn, T. S. (1970a). The structure of scientific revolution (2nd Ed.) Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kuhn, T. S. (1970b). Logic of discovery or psychology of research? In Lakatos, I. & Musgrave, A. (Eds.), Criticism and growth of knowledge (pp. 1-23). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kuhn, T. S. (1970c). Reflections on my critics. In Lakatos, I. & Musgrave, A. (Eds.), Criticism and growth of knowledge (pp. 231-278). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kuzel, A. J., & Like, R. C. (1991). Standards of trustworthiness for qualitative studies in primary care. In Norton, P. G., Steward, M., Tudiver, F., Bass, M. J., & Dunn, E. V. (Eds.), Primary Care Research (pp. 138-158). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publication.
Laudan, L. (1977). Progress and its problems: Toward a theory of science growth. Berkeley, CA: University of California press.
Leach, M. (1990). Philosophical choice. Journal of Education, 3(3), 16-18.
LeCompte, M. D., & Goertz, J. P. (1982). Problems of reliability and validity in ethnographic research. Review of Educational Research, 52(1), 31-60.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (2000). Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and energing confluencies. In Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.), The handbook of qualitative research (2nd Ed., pp. 163-188). London: Sage Publication.
Maxwell, J. (2004). Re-emergent scientism, postmodernism, and dialogue across differences. Qualitative Inquiry, 10(1), 35–41.
Mertens, D. M. (2010). Research and evaluation in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods (3rd Ed.). London: Sage Publication.
Morgan, G., & Smircich, L. (1980). The case of qualitative research.Academy of Management Review, 5, 491-500.
Müller-Lyer, F. C. (1889). Optische Urteilstäuschugen. Archiv Für Anatomie und Physiologie, Physiologische Abteilung, 2, 263-270.
Norton, B. (2007). Naturalism vs non-naturalism in environmental ethics: Towards an empirical conception of sense of place. Keynote speech,
joint meetings of the International Society for Environmental Ethics and the International Association for Environmental Philosophy. Allenspark, CO, May 29, 2007.
Paley, J. (1997). Husserl, phenomenology and nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 26, 187-193.
Patton, M. (2002). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (3rd Ed.). London Sage Publication.
Payne, S., Seymour, J., & Ingleton, C. (2003). Response to: Watson’s guest editorial “Scientific methods are the only credible way forward for nursing researchâ€. (Journal of Advanced Nursing, 43, 219-220).
Journal of Advanced Nursing, 44 (5), 546-548.
Plato (360 BCE/1941). The republic. Translated by Jowett B. (1941). New York: The Modern Library.
Polanyi, M. (1962). Personal knowledge: Towards a postcritical philosophy. London: Routedge&Kegan Paul.
Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2008). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (8th Ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters KluwerHealth/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Polit, D. F., & Hungler, B. P. (1999). Nursing research: Principles and methods (6th Ed.). New York: Lippincott.
Racher, F. E., & Robinsons, S. (2002). Are phenomenology and positivism stange bedfellows? Western Journalof Nursing Research, 25, 464-481.
Ratnesar, N. P. (2005). The quantitative-qualitative divide and the bayesian view. International Education Research Conference. UWS, Parramatta.
Reichardt, C. S., & Rallis, S. F. (1994). The relationship between the qualitative and quantitative research traditions. In Reichardt, C. S., & Rallis, S. F. (Eds.), Thequalitative-quantitative debate: New
perspectives (pp. 5-11). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Rubin, A., & Babbie, E. (1993). Research methods for social work (2nd Ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Rubin, A., & Babbie, E. (2001). Research methods for social work (3rd Ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Schlick, M. (1959). Positivism and realism. In Ayer, A. J. (Ed.), Logical positivism (pp.82-107). New York: Free Press.
Schwandt, T. A. (2000). Three epistemological stances for qualitative inquiry: Interpretivism, hermeneutics, and social constructionism. In Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.), The handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 189-213). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication.
Schwandt, T. A. (2002). Evaluation practice reconsidered. New York: Peter Lang.
Scotland, J. (2012). Exploring the philosophical underpinnings of research: Relating ontology and epistemology to the methodology and methods of the scientific, interpretive, and critical research paradigms. English Language Teaching, 5(9), 9-16.
Small, M. L. (2008). Lost in translation: How not to make qualitative research more scientific. In Lamont, M., & White, P. (Eds), Report from Workshop on Interdisciplinary Standards for Systematic Qualitative Research. Washington, DC: National Science Foundation.
Steel, D. (2005). Naturalism and the enlightenment ideal: Rethinking a central debate in philosophy of science. Retrieved October 18, 2012 from https://www.msu.edu/~steel/Rethnk_Intrp_vs_Nat.pdf
Tewksbury, R. (2009). Qualitative versus qualitative methods: Understanding why qualitative methods are superior for criminology and criminal justice. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Criminology, 1(1), 38-58.
Wagemans, J., Eleder, J. H., Kubovy, M., Palmer, S. E., Peterson, M. A. Singh, M. & von der Heydt, R. (2012). A. Century of gestalt psychology in visual percention: I. perceptual grouping and figureground organization. Psychological Bulletin, 138(6), 1172-1217. doi:10.1037/a0029333.
Walker, R. C. S. (1989). The coherence theory of truth: Realism, anti-realism, idealism. London and New York: Routledge.
Werkmeister, W. H. (1937a). Seven theses of logical positivism critically examined I. The Philosophical Review, 46, 276-297.
Werkmeister, W. H. (1937b). Seven theses of logical positivism critically examined II. The Philosophical Review, 46, 357-376.
Woodhouse, L. D., & Livingood, W. C. (1991). Exploring the versatility of qualitative design. Qualitative Research, 1(4), 434-445.
Young, J. O. (2013). The coherence theory of truth. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved May 6, 2013 from http://plato.standford.edu/entries/truth=coherence/#Ver
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2013-12-31
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Vasquez, B. A. (2013). Philosophical Bases of Research Methods: An Integrative Narrative Review Part 1. Recoletos Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.32871/rmrj1301.02.23
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