Philosophical Bases of Research Methods:An Integrative Narrative Review Part 2
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32871/rmrj1402.01.21Keywords:
quantitative-qualitative divide, philosophical stances, axiology, methodologyAbstract
This narrative review examined the philosophical bases of research methods in
terms of: (1) axiology; and (2) methodology. This explored the diversities and similarities between paradigms. Three search strategies were observed including: (1) data search for published research; (2) public engine and manual search; and (3) stakeholders input. Subthemes under axiologic assumptions are: (1) fact-value divide/dichotomy; and (2) ethics. Subthemes under methodologic assumptions are: (1) scientific vs naturalism: hard vs soft science; (2) convergence and divergence; (3) linearity is only in the books and not in practice; (4) hard or easy; (5) theory, frameworks and literature review; (6) nonstatistical approaches in positivistic approaches; and (7) complementarity. The focus of the lens is guided by philosophical stances. Each paradigm seeks truth, reality and knowledge. Though quantitative claimed objectivity and qualitative claim subjectivity, both unconsciously observe the same processes. The division is a continuum that delights its deficiencies. This is when divergence converges.
References
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Burnard, P. (2008). A phenomenological study of music teachers’ approaches to inclusive education practices among disaffected youths.
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Health Research, 14, 726-735.
Marshall, M. N. (1996). Sampling for qualitative research. Family Practice, 13, 522-525.
McCallin, A. M. (2003). Grappling with the literature in a grounded theory study. Contemporary Nurse, 15(1-2), 61-69.
McGhee, G., Marland, G. R., & Atkinson, J. (2007). Grounded theory research: Literature reviewing and reflexivity. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 60(3), 334-343.
Mertens, D. M. (2010). Research and evaluation in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods (3rd Ed.). London: Sage Publication.
Morse, J. (1991). Strategies for sampling. In Morse, J. (Ed.), Qualitative nursing research: A contemporary dialogue (pp. 127-145). London: Sage Publication.
Morse, J. (1995). The significance of saturation. Qualitative Health Research, 5(2), 147-149.
Morse, J. (1999). Qualitative generalizability. Qualitative Health Research, 9(1), 5-6.
Moules, N. J. (2002). Hermeunitic inquiry: Paying Heed to History and Hermes – An ancestral, substantive and methodological tale. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 1(3), Article 1, 1-40. Retrieved October 18, 2012 from http://www.ualberta.ca/~iiqm/backissues/1_3Final/pdf/moules.pdf
Munhall, P., & Oiler, C. (1986). Nursing research: A qualitative perspective. New York: Appleton.
Nathaniel, A. K. (2006). Thoughts on the literature review and GT. Grounded Theory Review, 5(2/3), 35-41.
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joint meetings of the International Society for Environmental Ethics and the International Association for Environmental Philosophy. Allenspark, CO, May 29, 2007.
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Paley, J. (1997). Husserl, phenomenology and nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 26, 187-193.
Patton, M. (2002). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (3rd Ed.). London Sage Publication.
Pearce, L. D. (2002). Integrating survey and ethnographic methods for systematic anomalous case analysis. Social Methodology, 32(1), 103-132.
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Ramos, M. C. (1989). Some ethical implications of qualitative research. Research in Nursing & Health, 12, 57-63.
Ratnesar, N. P. (2005). The quantitative-qualitative divide and the bayesian view. International Education Research Conference. UWS, Parramatta.
Ray, M. A. (1985). A philosophical method to study nursing phenomena. In Leininger, M. M. (Ed.), Qualitative research methods in nursing (pp. 81-92). Orlando: Grune and Stratton.
Reidchardt, C. S., & Cook, T. D. (1979). Beyond qualitative versus quantitative methods. In Cook, T. D., & Reidchardt, C. S. (Eds.), Qualitative and quantitative methods in evaluation research (pp. 7-32). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publication.
Rubinstein, R. (1994). Proposal writing. In Gubrium, J., & Sanker, A. (Eds), Qualitative methods in aging research (pp. 67-81). London: Sage Publication.
Sagoff, M. (2004). Price, principle, and the environment. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sandelowski, M. (2000). Whatever happen to qualitative description? Research in Nursing and Health, 23, 334-340.
Sandelowski, M. (2004). Using qualitative research. Qualitative Health Research, 14(10), 1366-1386.
Schlick, M. (1959). Positivism and realism. In Ayer, A. J. (Ed.), Logical positivism (pp.82-107). New York: Free Press.
Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2002). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized casual inference. Boston, MA:Houghton Mifflin.
Stern, P. N. (2007). On solid ground: Essential properties for growing grounded theory. In Bryant, A. & Charmaz, K. (Eds.). The SAGE handbook of grounded theory (pp. 114-126).
Suter, W. N. (2012). Introduction to educational research: A critical thinking approach (2nd Ed). California, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication.
Tewksbury, R. (2009). Qualitative versus qualitative methods: Understanding why qualitative methods are superior for criminology and criminal justice. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Criminology, 1(1), 38-58.
Tollefson, J., Usher, K., Francis, D., & Owens, J. (2001). What you ask is what you get: Learning from interviewing in qualitative research. Contemporary Nurse: 10(3-4), 258-264. doi:10.5172/conu.10.3-4.258
Tuckett, A. (2004). Qualitative research sampling: The very real complexities. Nurse Researcher, 12, 47-61.
Wall, C., Glenn, S., Mitchinson, S., & Poole, H. (2004). Using a reflective diary to develop bracketing skills during a phenomenological investigation. Nurse Researcher, 11(4), 20-29.
Walters, A. J. (1995). The Phenomenological Movement: Implications for nursing research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 21, 791-799.
Warren, C. A. B., & Karner, T. X. (2005). Discovering qualitative methods: Field research, interviews and analysis. Los Angeles: Roxbury.
Wellington, J. (2000). Eduactional research: Contemporary issues and practical approaches. London: Continuum.
Williams, B. A. O. (1985). Ethics and the limits of philosophy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard university Press.
Wilson, H., & Hutchinson, S. (1991). Triangulation of qualitative methods: Heideggerian hermeneutics and grounded theory. Qualitative Health Research, 1, 263-276.
Annels, M. (1999). Evaluating phenomenology: Usefulness, quality and philsophical foundations. Nurse Researcher, 6(3). 5-19.
Ayer, A. J. (1936). The principle of verifiability. Mind, New Series, 45, 199-203.
Ayer, A. J. (1946). Language, truth, and logic (2nd ed). London: V. Gollancz.
Baum, F. (2000). The new public health. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bird, A. (2004). Kuhn, naturalism, and the positivist legacy. Studies in History and Philosophy Science, 35, 337-356.
Borman, G., Slavin, R. E., Cheung, A., Chamberlain, A., Madden, N. A., & Chambers, B. (2007). Final reading outcomes of the national randomized field trial of success for all. American Educational Research Journal, 44(3) 701-731. Winner of the 2008 Palmer O. Johnson Award, AERA.
Britten, N. (1995). Qualitative research: Qualitative interviews in medical research. British Medical Journal, 311, 251-253. doi:http://dx.doi.
org/10.1136/bmj.311.6999.251
Burnard, P. (2008). A phenomenological study of music teachers’ approaches to inclusive education practices among disaffected youths.
Research Studies in Music Education, 30, 59-75. doi:10.1177/1321103X08089890
Callicott, J. B. (2002). The pragmatic power and promise of theoretical environmental ethics. Environmental Values, 11, 3-25.
Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963/1966). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Chicago, IL: Rand-Mcnally.
Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. London: Sage Publication.
Cohen, L., Manion L., & Morrison, K. (2000). Research methods in education (5th Ed.). New York: Routledge.
Cook, T. D. (1991). Clarifying the warrant for generalized causal inferences in quasi-experimentation. In McLaughlin, M. W., & Phillips, D. (Eds.), Evaluation and education at quarter century (pp. 115-144).
Chicago: NSSE.
Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. J. (1979). Quasi-experimentation: Design and analysis issues for field settings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Cormack, D. S. (1991). The research process. Black Scientific: Oxford.
Coyne, I. T. (1997). Sampling in qualitative research: Purposeful and theoretical sampling; merging or clear boundaries. Journal of Advance Nursing, 26, 623-630.
Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions (2nd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication.
Crotty, M. (1998). The foundations of social research. London: Sage Publication.
Cutclifee, J. R. (2000). Methodological issues in grounded theory. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 31(6), 1474-1484.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2008). Strategies of qualitative inquiry (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
Devetak, I., Glažar, S. A., & Vogrinc (2009). The role of qualitative research in science education. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 6(1), 77-84.
Dey, I. (1999). Grounding grounded theory. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Dey, I. (2007). Grounding categories. In Bryant, A. & Charmaz, K. (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of grounded theory (pp. 167–190). London: Sage Publication.
Duffy, M. E. (1985). Designing nursing research: The qualitative-quantitative debate. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 10(3), 225-232.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.1985.tb00516.x
Ezzy, D. (2002). Qualitative analysis: Practice and innovation. Crowns Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin.
Gigerenzer, G. (1993). The superego, the ego, and the id in statistical reasoning. In Keren, G., & Lewis, C. (Eds.), A handbook for data analysis in the behavioral sciences: Methodological issues (pp. 311-339). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Glaser, B. G. (1978). Theoretical sensitivity. CA, Mill Valley:Social Press.
Glaser, B. G. (1992). Basics of grounded theory analysis: emergence vs forcing. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago, IL: Aldine Transaction.
Gorard, S., Prandy, K., & Roberts, K. (2002). An introduction to the simple role of numbers in social science research. Economic and Social Research Council, Teaching and Learning Research Programme,
Research Capacity Building Network, Occasional Paper Series, paper 53. Retrieved October, 18. 2012 from http://www.cf.ac.uk/socsi/capacity/Papers/roleofnumbers.pdf
Heath, H. (2006). Exploring the influences and use of the literature during a grounded theory study. Journal of Research in Nursing, 11(6), 519-528.
Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and time. Translations by Macquarrie, J. & Robinson, E. (Reprinted version 1980). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Holton, J. (2007). The coding process and its challenges. In Bryant, A. & Charmaz, K. (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of grounded theory (pp. 265-289). London: Sage Publication.
Jennings, B., & Callahan, D. (1983). Ethics, the social sciences, and policy analysis. New York and London: Plenum Press.
Kleinman, S. (2004). Phenomenology: To wonder and search for meanings. Nurse Researchers, 11(4), 7-19.
Koch, T. (1995). Interpretative approaches in nursing research: The influence of Husserl and Heidegger. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 21, 827-836.
Leininger, M., & McFarland, M. R. (2005). Transcultural nursing: concepts, theories, research & practice (3rd Ed. – International Edition). New York:
McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division.
Lincoln, Y., & Guba, E. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. London: Sage Publication.
Lopez, K. A., & Willis, D. G. (2006). Descriptive versus interpretative phenomenology: Their contributions to nursing knowledge. Qualitative
Health Research, 14, 726-735.
Marshall, M. N. (1996). Sampling for qualitative research. Family Practice, 13, 522-525.
McCallin, A. M. (2003). Grappling with the literature in a grounded theory study. Contemporary Nurse, 15(1-2), 61-69.
McGhee, G., Marland, G. R., & Atkinson, J. (2007). Grounded theory research: Literature reviewing and reflexivity. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 60(3), 334-343.
Mertens, D. M. (2010). Research and evaluation in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods (3rd Ed.). London: Sage Publication.
Morse, J. (1991). Strategies for sampling. In Morse, J. (Ed.), Qualitative nursing research: A contemporary dialogue (pp. 127-145). London: Sage Publication.
Morse, J. (1995). The significance of saturation. Qualitative Health Research, 5(2), 147-149.
Morse, J. (1999). Qualitative generalizability. Qualitative Health Research, 9(1), 5-6.
Moules, N. J. (2002). Hermeunitic inquiry: Paying Heed to History and Hermes – An ancestral, substantive and methodological tale. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 1(3), Article 1, 1-40. Retrieved October 18, 2012 from http://www.ualberta.ca/~iiqm/backissues/1_3Final/pdf/moules.pdf
Munhall, P., & Oiler, C. (1986). Nursing research: A qualitative perspective. New York: Appleton.
Nathaniel, A. K. (2006). Thoughts on the literature review and GT. Grounded Theory Review, 5(2/3), 35-41.
National Commission for the Protection of HumanSubjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research(1978). Belmont report: Ethical principles
and guidelines for research involving human subjects. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
Norton, B. (2007). Naturalism vs non-naturalism in environmental ethics: Towards an empirical conception of sense of place. Keynote speech,
joint meetings of the International Society for Environmental Ethics and the International Association for Environmental Philosophy. Allenspark, CO, May 29, 2007.
Oduor, R. M. J. (2010). Research methodology in philosophy within an interdisciplinary and commercialized African content guarding against undue influence from the social science. Thought and Practice: A Journal of Philosophical Association of Kenya, New Series, 2(1), 87-118.
Paley, J. (1997). Husserl, phenomenology and nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 26, 187-193.
Patton, M. (2002). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (3rd Ed.). London Sage Publication.
Pearce, L. D. (2002). Integrating survey and ethnographic methods for systematic anomalous case analysis. Social Methodology, 32(1), 103-132.
Phillips, D. C. (1987). Philosophy, science, and social inquiry. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Phillips, D. C. (1990). Postpositivistic science: Myths and realities. In Guba, E. G. (Ed.), The paradigm dialog (pp. 31-45). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publication.
Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2008). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (8th Ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Ramos, M. C. (1989). Some ethical implications of qualitative research. Research in Nursing & Health, 12, 57-63.
Ratnesar, N. P. (2005). The quantitative-qualitative divide and the bayesian view. International Education Research Conference. UWS, Parramatta.
Ray, M. A. (1985). A philosophical method to study nursing phenomena. In Leininger, M. M. (Ed.), Qualitative research methods in nursing (pp. 81-92). Orlando: Grune and Stratton.
Reidchardt, C. S., & Cook, T. D. (1979). Beyond qualitative versus quantitative methods. In Cook, T. D., & Reidchardt, C. S. (Eds.), Qualitative and quantitative methods in evaluation research (pp. 7-32). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publication.
Rubinstein, R. (1994). Proposal writing. In Gubrium, J., & Sanker, A. (Eds), Qualitative methods in aging research (pp. 67-81). London: Sage Publication.
Sagoff, M. (2004). Price, principle, and the environment. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sandelowski, M. (2000). Whatever happen to qualitative description? Research in Nursing and Health, 23, 334-340.
Sandelowski, M. (2004). Using qualitative research. Qualitative Health Research, 14(10), 1366-1386.
Schlick, M. (1959). Positivism and realism. In Ayer, A. J. (Ed.), Logical positivism (pp.82-107). New York: Free Press.
Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2002). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized casual inference. Boston, MA:Houghton Mifflin.
Stern, P. N. (2007). On solid ground: Essential properties for growing grounded theory. In Bryant, A. & Charmaz, K. (Eds.). The SAGE handbook of grounded theory (pp. 114-126).
Suter, W. N. (2012). Introduction to educational research: A critical thinking approach (2nd Ed). California, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication.
Tewksbury, R. (2009). Qualitative versus qualitative methods: Understanding why qualitative methods are superior for criminology and criminal justice. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Criminology, 1(1), 38-58.
Tollefson, J., Usher, K., Francis, D., & Owens, J. (2001). What you ask is what you get: Learning from interviewing in qualitative research. Contemporary Nurse: 10(3-4), 258-264. doi:10.5172/conu.10.3-4.258
Tuckett, A. (2004). Qualitative research sampling: The very real complexities. Nurse Researcher, 12, 47-61.
Wall, C., Glenn, S., Mitchinson, S., & Poole, H. (2004). Using a reflective diary to develop bracketing skills during a phenomenological investigation. Nurse Researcher, 11(4), 20-29.
Walters, A. J. (1995). The Phenomenological Movement: Implications for nursing research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 21, 791-799.
Warren, C. A. B., & Karner, T. X. (2005). Discovering qualitative methods: Field research, interviews and analysis. Los Angeles: Roxbury.
Wellington, J. (2000). Eduactional research: Contemporary issues and practical approaches. London: Continuum.
Williams, B. A. O. (1985). Ethics and the limits of philosophy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard university Press.
Wilson, H., & Hutchinson, S. (1991). Triangulation of qualitative methods: Heideggerian hermeneutics and grounded theory. Qualitative Health Research, 1, 263-276.
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2014-06-30
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Vasquez, B. A. (2014). Philosophical Bases of Research Methods:An Integrative Narrative Review Part 2. Recoletos Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.32871/rmrj1402.01.21
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