Mental Health in Academe Amidst COVID-19 Pandemic: What Can We Learn from the Philippines and Latvia?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32871/rmrj2311.01.05Keywords:
depression, anxiety, stress, teachers, students, COVID-19, cross-sectional data analysis, Philippines, Latvia EuropeAbstract
Using primarily comparative evidence of mental health situation during the COVID-19 pandemic between a Southeast Asian and a European Country, this study was conducted among public and private schools in the Philippines and Latvia, Europe, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic utilizing a standardized Depression, Anxiety, and Stress (DAS) questionnaire. Findings revealed that Latvian teachers experienced higher cases of depression, anxiety, and stress than Filipino teachers. In contrast, Latvian students exhibit lower cases of depression and anxiety than Filipino students. Thus, mental health conditions of both teachers and students of both countries must be prioritized by conducting various programs and activities which further demands that mental health must be considered in academic institutions because when human resource knows how to deal with depression, anxiety, and stress, they also make better choices in life which will make them corollarily become even more productive at work.
References
Acob, J. R. U., Arifin, H., & Dewi, Y. S. (2021). Depression, anxiety and stress among students amidst COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study in Philippines. Jurnal Keperawatan Padjadjaran, 9(2), 102-109. https://doi.org/10.24198/jkp.v9i2.1673
Akin, A., & Cetin, B. (2007). The Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS): The study of validity and reliability. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 7(1), 260-268. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2007-06487-008
Aperribai, L., Cortabarria, L., Aguirre, T., Verche, E., & Borges, Á. (2020). Teacher's physical activity and mental health during lockdown due to the COVID-2019 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2673. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.577886
Armitage, R., & Nellums, L. B. (2020). Considering inequalities in the school closure response to COVID-19. The Lancet Global Health, 8(5), e644. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30116-9
Atlantic Fellows. (n.d.). Youth suicide rates have escalated in the Philippines. https://www.atlanticfellows.org/project/youth-suicide-rates-have-escalated-in-the-philippines
Baloran, E. T. (2020). Knowledge, attitudes, anxiety, and coping strategies of students during COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 25(8), 635-642. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1769300
Baloran, E.T., & Hernan, J.T. (2020). Emotions, stressors, coping strategies, and motivational factors in private higher education institutions amid COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Clinical Cases & Reports, 3(S4), 12-18. https://doi.org/10.46619/joccr.2020.3.S4-1004
Berasategi, N., Idoiaga, N., Dosil, M., & Eiguren, A. (2020). Design and validation of a scale for measuring well-being of children in lockdown (WCL). Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2225. https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2020.02225
Besser, A., Lotem, S., & Zeigler-Hill, V. (2022). Psychological stress and vocal symptoms among university professors in Israel: Implications of the shift to online synchronous teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Voice, 36(2), e291. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jvoice.2020.05.028
Burgess, S., & Sievertsen, H. H. (2020, April 1). Schools, skills, and learning: The impact of COVID-19 on education. VoxEu.org. https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/schools-skills-and-learning-impact-covid-19-education
Corpuz, J. C. G. (2021). COVID-19 and suicide: When crises collide. Journal of Public Health, 43(4), e747-e748. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdab115
Cruz, R. M., da Rocha, R. E. R., Andreoni, S., & Pesca, A. D. (2020). Retorno ao trabalho? Indicadores de saúde mental em professores durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Revista Polyphonía, 31(1), 325-344. https://doi.org/10.5216/rp.v31i1.66964
de Oliveira Silva, D. F., Cobucci, R. N. O., Lima, S. C. V. C., & de Andrade, F. B. (2021). Prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress among teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic: Systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore), 100(44), e27684. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000027684
Debowska, A., Horeczy, B., Boduszek, D., & Dolinski, D. (2020). A repeated cross-sectional survey assessing university students' stress, depression, anxiety, and suicidality in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland. Psychological Medicine, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS003329172000392X
Dosil Santamaria, M., Idoiaga Mondragon, N., Berasategi Sancho, N., & Ozamiz Echevarria, N. (2021). Teacher stress, anxiety and depression at the beginning of the academic year during the COVID-19 pandemic. Global Mental Health, 8, e14. https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fgmh.2021.14
Ehrler, M., Werninger, I., Schnider, B., Eichelberger, D. A., Naef, N., Disselhoff, V., Kretschmar, O., Hagmann, C., Latal, B., & Wehrle, F. M. (2021). Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on children with and without risk for neurodevelopmental impairments. Acta Paediatrica, 110(4), 1281-1288. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15775
Evanoff, B. A., Strickland, J. R., Dale, A. M., Hayibor, L., Page, E., Duncan, J. G., Kannampallil, T., & Gray, D. L. (2020). Work-related and personal factors associated with mental well-being during the COVID-19 response: Survey of health care and other workers. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(8), e21366. https://doi.org/10.2196/21366
Fawaz, M., & Samaha, A. (2021). E‐learning: Depression, anxiety, and stress symptomatology among Lebanese university students during COVID‐19 quarantine. Nursing Forum, 56(1), 52-57). https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12521
Gadermann, A. C., Thomson, K. C., Richardson, C. G., Gagné, M., McAuliffe, C., Hirani, S., & Jenkins, E. (2021). Examining the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on family mental health in Canada: Findings from a national cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 11(1), e042871. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042871
GADM. (n.d.). [Map of Philippines or Latvia...], Retrieved April 13, 2023, from www.gadm.org
Guo, K., Zhang, X., Bai, S., Minhat, H. S., Nazan, A. I. N. M., Feng, J., Li, X., Luo, G., Zhang, X., Feng, J., Li, Y., Si, M., Qiao, Y., Ouyang, J., & Saliluddin, S. (2021). Assessing social support impact on depression, anxiety, and stress among undergraduate students in Shaanxi province during the COVID-19 pandemic of China. PloS ONE, 16(7), e0253891. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253891
Hammerstein, S., König, C., Dreisörner, T., & Frey, A. (2021). Effects of COVID-19-related school closures on student achievement - A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.746289
Haug, N., Geyrhofer, L., Londei, A., Dervic, E., Desvars-Larrive, A., Loreto, V., Pinior, B., Thurner, S., & Klimek, P. (2020). Ranking the effectiveness of worldwide COVID-19 government interventions. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(12), 1303-1312. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-01009-0
Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
Idoiaga Mondragon, N., Berasategi Sancho, N., Dosil Santamaria, M., & Eiguren Munitis, A. (2021). Struggling to breathe: A qualitative study of children’s wellbeing during lockdown in Spain. Psychology & Health, 36(2), 179-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2020.1804570
Imran, N., Zeshan, M., & Pervaiz, Z. (2020). Mental health considerations for children & adolescents in COVID-19 Pandemic. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 36(COVID19-S4), S67-S72. https://doi.org/10.12669%2Fpjms.36.COVID19-S4.2759
Jakubowski, T. D., & Sitko-Dominik, M. M. (2021). Teachers’ mental health during the first two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland. PloS ONE, 16(9), e0257252. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257252
Jiang, N., Yan-Li, S., Pamanee, K., & Sriyanto, J. (2021). Depression, anxiety, and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: Comparison among higher education students in four countries in the Asia-pacific region. Journal of Population and Social Studies, 29, 370-383. http://doi.org/10.25133/JPSSv292021.023
Kleinberg, B., van der Vegt, I., & Mozes, M. (2020). Measuring emotions in the covid-19 real world worry dataset. In K. Verspoor, K. B. Cohen, M. Dredze, E. Ferrara, J. May, R. Munro, C. Paris, & B. Wallace (Eds.), Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on NLP for COVID-19 at ACL 2020. https://aclanthology.org/2020.nlpcovid19-acl.11/
Kukreti, S., Ahorsu, D. K., Strong, C., Chen, I. H., Lin, C. Y., Ko, N. Y., Griffiths, M.D., Chen, Y.P., Kuo, Y.J., & Pakpour, A. H. (2021). Post-traumatic stress disorder in Chinese teachers during COVID-19 pandemic: Roles of fear of COVID-19, nomophobia, and psychological distress. Healthcare, 9(10), 1288. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9101288
Lakhan, R., Agrawal, A., & Sharma, M. (2020). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress during COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice, 11(04), 519-525. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1716442
Lim, L. T. S., Regencia, Z. J. G., Dela Cruz, J. R. C., Ho, F. D. V., Rodolfo, M. S., Ly-Uson, J., & Baja, E. S. (2022). Assessing the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic, shift to online learning, and social media use on the mental health of college students in the Philippines: A mixed-method study protocol. Plos One, 17(5), e0267555.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267555
Lopes, A. R., & Nihei, O. K. (2021). Depression, anxiety and stress symptoms in Brazilian university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: Predictors and association with life satisfaction, psychological well-being and coping strategies. PLoS One, 16(10), e0258493. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258493
Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS--21, DASS--42) [Database record]. APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/10.1037/t01004-000
Maia, B. R., & Dias, P. C. (2020). Anxiety, depression and stress in university students: The impact of COVID-19. Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas), 37. https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/resource/en/covidwho-635046
Malolos, G. Z. C., Baron, M. B. C., Apat, F. A. J., Sagsagat, H. A. A., Pasco, P. B. M., Aportadera, E. T. C. L., Tan, R.J.D., Gacutno-Evardone, A.J., & Lucero-Prisno III, D. E. (2021). Mental health and well-being of children in the Philippine setting during the COVID-19 pandemic. Health Promotion Perspectives, 11(3), 267. https://doi.org/10.34172%2Fhpp.2021.34
Martín-Cano, M. D. C., Díaz-Jiménez, R. M., Caravaca-Sánchez, F., & de La Fuente-Robles, Y. M. (2022). Depression, anxiety and stress in social work students during COVID-19 confinement. A comparative study of Spanish and Mexican universities. Social Work in Mental Health, 20(3), 259-281. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332985.2021.2005739
Mautong, H., Gallardo-Rumbea, J. A., Alvarado-Villa, G. E., Fernández-Cadena, J. C., Andrade-Molina, D., Orellana-Román, C. E., & Cherrez-Ojeda, I. (2021). Assessment of depression, anxiety and stress levels in the Ecuadorian general population during social isolation due to the COVID-19 outbreak: A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, 21(212), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03214-1
Montano, R. L. T., & Acebes, K. M. L. (2020). Covid stress predicts depression, anxiety and stress symptoms of Filipino respondents. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science, 9(4), 78-103. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v9i4.773
Musa R, Fadzil M.A., & Zain, Z. (2007). Translation, validation and psychometric properties of Bahasa Malaysia version of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DAS). ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 82(2), 82–89. https://www.ramlimusa.com/wp-content/uploads/2.DASS_Musa_1_070917.pdf
O’Connor, M. (2022). School counselling during COVID-19: An initial examination of school counselling use during a 5-week remote learning period. Pastoral Care in Education, 40(1), 81-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643944.2020.1855674
Oliveira Carvalho, P., Hülsdünker, T., & Carson, F. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on European students’ negative emotional symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Behavioral Sciences, 12(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fbs12010003
O’Sullivan, K., Clark, S., McGrane, A., Rock, N., Burke, L., Boyle, N., Joksimovic, N., & Marshall, K. (2021). A qualitative study of child and adolescent mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 1062. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031062
Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Berasategi Santxo, N., Idoiaga Mondragon, N., & Dosil Santamaría, M. (2021). The psychological state of teachers during the COVID-19 crisis: The challenge of returning to face-to-face teaching. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 3861. https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2020.620718
Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Idoiaga Mondragon, N., Bueno-Notivol, J., Pérez-Moreno, M., & Santabárbara, J. (2021). Prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress among teachers during the CoViD-19 pandemic: A rapid systematic review with meta-analysis. Brain Sciences, 11(9), 1172. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fbrainsci11091172
Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Idoiaga Mondragon, N., Dosil Santamaria, M., & Picaza Gorrotxateggi, M. (2020). Psychological symptoms during the two stages of lockdown in response to the COVID-19 outbreak: An investigation in a sample of citizens in Northern Spain. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1491. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01491
Pressley, T., Ha, C., & Learn, E. (2021). Teacher stress and anxiety during COVID-19: An empirical study. School Psychology, 36(5), 367–376. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000468
Shah, S. M. A., Mohammad, D., Qureshi, M. F. H., Abbas, M. Z., & Aleem, S. (2021). Prevalence, psychological responses and associated correlates of depression, anxiety and stress in a global population, during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Community Mental Health Journal, 57(1), 101-110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-020-00728-y
Sheikh, M. K., Chaudahry, N., & Ghogare, A. (2020). Depression in teachers due to cyberbullying who are working in covid-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Current Research & Review, 12(20), 98-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.31782/IJCRR.2020.122015
Silva, D. F. O., Cobucci, R. N., Lima, S. C. V. C., & de Andrade, F. B. (2021). Prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress among teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review. Medicine, 100(44), e27684. https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMD.0000000000027684
Smith, J., Guimond, F. A., Bergeron, J., St-Amand, J., Fitzpatrick, C., & Gagnon, M. (2021). Changes in students’ achievement motivation in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: A function of extraversion/introversion? Education Sciences, 11(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11010030
Talidong, K. J. B., & Toquero, C. M. D. (2020). Philippine teachers’ practices to deal with anxiety amid COVID-19. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 25(6-7), 573-579. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1759225
Tran, T.D, Tran, T., Fisher, J. (2013). Validation of the depression anxiety stress scales (DAS) 21 as a screening instrument for depression and anxiety in a rural community-based cohort of northern Vietnamese women. BMC Psychiatry, 12(13),24. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244x-13-24
Truzoli, R., Pirola, V., & Conte, S. (2021). The impact of risk and protective factors on online teaching experience in high school Italian teachers during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 37(4), 940-952. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12533
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2020). Adverse effects of school closures. https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse/consequences
Varma, P., Junge, M., Meaklim, H., & Jackson, M. L. (2021). Younger people are more vulnerable to stress, anxiety and depression during COVID-19 pandemic: A global cross-sectional survey. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 109, 110236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110236
Vrublevska, J., Sibalova, A., Aleskere, I., Rezgale, B., Smirnova, D., Fountoulakis, K. N., & Rancans, E. (2021). Factors related to depression, distress, and self-reported changes in anxiety, depression, and suicidal thoughts during the COVID-19 state of emergency in Latvia. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 75(8), 614-623. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2021.1919200
Wang, C., Tee, M., Roy, A. E., Fardin, M. A., Srichokchatchawan, W., Habib, H. A., Tran, B.X., Hussain, S., Hoang, M.T., Le, X.T., Ma, W., Pham, H.Q., Shirazi, M., Taneepanichskul, N., Tan, Y., Tee, C., Xu, L., Xu, Z., Vu, G.T., Zhou, D.,… Kuruchittham, V. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on physical and mental health of Asians: A study of seven middle-income countries in Asia. PloS One, 16(2), e0246824. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246824
Wyse, A. E., Stickney, E. M., Butz, D., Beckler, A., & Close, C. N. (2020). The potential impact of COVID‐19 on student learning and how schools can respond. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 39(3), 60-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/emip.12357
Xie, X., Xue, Q., Zhou, Y., Zhu, K., Liu, Q., Zhang, J., & Song, R. (2020). Mental health status among children in home confinement during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in Hubei Province, China. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(9), 898-900. https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamapediatrics.2020.1619
Zaccoletti, S., Camacho, A., Correia, N., Aguiar, C., Mason, L., Alves, R. A., & Daniel, J. R. (2020). Parents’ perceptions of student academic motivation during the COVID-19 lockdown: A cross-country comparison. Frontiers in Psychology, 11,3602. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.592670
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 University of San Jose-Recoletos
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright of the Journal belongs to the University of San Jose-Recoletos
