Mortality Analysis of Early COVID-19 Cases in the Philippines Based on Observed Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32871/rmrj2109.01.09Keywords:
subgroup susceptibility, exposure, length of hospitalization, survival analysis, vaccination programAbstract
This study aims to determine the demographic, epidemiologic, and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 cases that are highly susceptible to COVID-19 infection, with longer hospitalization and at higher risk of mortality and to provide insights that may be useful to assess the vaccination priority program and allocate hospital resources. Methods that were used include descriptive statistics, nonparametric analysis, and survival analysis. Results of the study reveal that women are more susceptible to infection while men are at risk of longer hospitalization and higher mortality. Significant risk factors to COVID-19 mortality are older age, male sex, difficulty breathing, and comorbidities like hypertension and diabetes. Patients with these combined symptoms should be considered for admission to the COVID-19 facility for proper management and care. Also, there is a significant delay in the testing and diagnosis of those who died, implying that timeliness in the testing and diagnosis of patients is crucial in patient survival.
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de Almeida-Pititto, B., Dualib, P. M., Zajdenverg, L., Dantas, J. R., De Souza, F. D., Rodacki, M., & Bertoluci, M. C. (2020). Severity and mortality of COVID 19 in patients with diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 12(75). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-020-00586-4
Department of Health. (2021). IATF adopts COVID-19 vaccination priority framework amid limited vaccine supply. https://doh.gov.ph/doh-press-release/IATF-ADOPTS-COVID-19-VACCINATION-PRIORITY-FRAMEWORK-AMID-LIMITED-VACCINE-SUPPLY
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Kang, S. J., & Jung, S. I. (2020). Age-related morbidity and mortality among patients with COVID-19. Infection & Chemotherapy, 52(2), 154–164. https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2020.52.2.154
Kruskal, W. H., & Wallis, W. A. (1952). Use of ranks in one-criterion variance analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 47(260), 583-621. https://doi.org/10.2307/2280779
Liu, H., Wang, L. L., Zhao, S. J., Kwak-Kim, J., Mor, G., & Liao, A. H. (2020). Why are pregnant women susceptible to COVID-19? An immunological viewpoint. Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 139, 103122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jri.2020.103122
Masetti, C., Generali, E., Colapietro, F., Voza, A., Cecconi, M., Messina, A., Omodei, P., Angelini, C., Ciccarelli, M., Badalamenti, S., Canonica, G.W., Lleo, A., & Aghemo, A. (2020). High mortality in COVIDâ€19 patients with mild respiratory disease. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 50(9), e13314. https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.13314
Peckham, H., de Gruijter, N. M., Raine, C., Radziszewska, A., Ciurtin, C., Wedderburn, L. R., Rosser, E.C., Webb, K., & Deakin, C. T. (2020). Male sex identified by global COVID-19 meta-analysis as a risk factor for death and ITU admission. Nature Communications, 11(6317). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19741-6
Philippine Statistics Authority. (2021). GDP declines by -4.2 percent in the first quarter of 2021 (at Constant 2018 Prices). https://psa.gov.ph/foreign-investments/technical-notes
Qiu, H., Wu, J., Hong, L., Luo, Y., Song, Q., & Chen, D. (2020). Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: An observational cohort study. Lancet Infectious Disease, 20(6), 689–696. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30198-5
Rabajante, J. (2020). Insights from early mathematical models of 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease (COVID-19) dynamics. Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 23(1). https://ovcre.uplb.edu.ph/journals-uplb/index.php/JESAM/article/view/329
Saladino,V., Algeri, D., & Auriemma, V. (2020). The psychological and social impact of Covid-19: New perspectives of well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2550. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.577684
Sanchez, M.J. (2021). Number of hospital beds per 10,000 population in the Philippines 2020, by region. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1122326/philippines-number-of-hospital-beds-by-region/#statisticContainer
Sandoiu, A. (2020). Sex difference in COVID-19. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/sex-differences-in-covid-19
Shi, C., Wang, C., Wang, H., Yang, C., Cai, F., Zeng, F., Cheng, F., Liu, Y., Zhou, T., Deng, B., Vlodavsky, I., Li, J. P., & Zhang, Y. (2020). The potential of low molecular weight heparin to mitigate cytokine storm in severe COVID-19 patients: A retrospective clinical study. Clinical and Translational Science, 13(6), 1087-1095. https://doi.org/10.1111/cts.12880
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Vecino-Ortiz, A. I., Congote, J.V., Bedoya, S.Z., & Cucunuba, Z. M. (2021). Impact of contact tracing on COVID-19 mortality: An impact evaluation using surveillance data from Colombia. PLos One, 16(3), e0246987. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246987
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2021-05-31
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Ceballos, R. F. (2021). Mortality Analysis of Early COVID-19 Cases in the Philippines Based on Observed Demographic and Clinical Characteristics. Recoletos Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 9(1), 91–106. https://doi.org/10.32871/rmrj2109.01.09
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