Toxicity Evaluation and Anthelminthic Property of Cebu Cinnamon (Cinnamomum cebuense Kosterm.) Leaf Extracts
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32871/rmrj1907.01.05Keywords:
Cinnamomum cebuense (Kosterm.), toxicity study, anthelmintic assay, brine shrimp lethality assay, Philippine cinnamonAbstract
Cinnamomum cebuense (Kosterm.) is widely known as stomachache remedy, but adverse reaction to varying amount of herbal extract has also been reported, thus, requiring toxicity-profiling studies. Here, the toxicity of C. cebuense leaf extract (CCLE) was evaluated using brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA) and anthelminthic assay under a complete randomized design with equal replications. Results in BSLA revealed an LC50 value of 7.05 μg/ml (p≤0.05) which is considerably medium-toxic based on standard toxicity criterion. Influence on earthworm activity showed significant difference (p≤0.01) among the different concentrations of the extract (100 mg/ml, 75 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, and 25 mg/ml) following a concentration-dependent response trend. Results suggest strong toxicity against earthworms at 75–100 mg/ml while having a moderate to weak toxicity at 25–50mg/ml. Both assays were able to elucidate toxicity of CCLE which may be due to the presence of cinnamaldehyde, the main phytochemical found in cinnamon leaves. CCLE is toxic at elevated dosages and thus warrants parallel studies using higher-vertebrate models.
References
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& Uddin, S.M.N. (2013). Determination
of Chemical Groups and Investigation of
Anthelmintic, Cytotoxic, and Antibacterial
Activities of Leaves of Cinnamomum tamala
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Pharmamedix, 1, 222–232.
Ajaiyeoba, E.O., Onocha, P.A. & Olarenwaju, O.T.
(2001). In vitro anthelmintic properties of
Buchholzia coriaceae and Gynandropsis
gynandra extracts. Pharmaceutical Biology,
39, 217–220.
Akhtar, M.S., Iqbal, Z., Khan, M.N. & Lateef, M. (2001).
Anthelmintic activity of medicinal plants with
particular reference to their use in animals
in the Indo–Pakistan subcontinent. Small
Ruminant Research, 38, 99–107.
Asha, M.K., Prashanth, D., Murali, B., Padmaja, R.,
& Amit, A. (2001). Anthelminthic activity
of essential oil of Ocimum sanctum and
eugenol. Fitoterapia, 72, 669–70.
Barceloux, D.G. (2009). Cinnamon (Cinnamomum
species). Dis Mon: DM, 55, 327-335.
Biswas, S.K., Chowdhury, A., Das, J., Karmakar,
U.K., Shill, M.C., & Raihan, S.Z. (2011).
Assessment of toxicity, antibacterial activity
and phytochemical screening of ethanol
extract of Phyllanthus acidus L. bark. Journal
of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 1, 112–114.
Brine Shrimp Direct Inc. (2018). Hatching Brine
Shrimp Cysts. Retrieved from https://www.
brineshrimpdirect.com/about-us/articles/
hatching-brine-shrimp-cysts/.
Chudzik, M., Korzonek-Szlacheta, I. & Król, W.
(2015). Triterpenes as potentially cytotoxic
compounds. Molecules, 20, 1610–1625.
Clarkson, C., Maharaj, V.J., Crouch, N.R., Grace,
O.M., Pillay, P., Matsabisa, M.G., Bhagwandin,
N., Smith, P.J. & Folb, P.I. (2004). In vitro
antiplasmodial activity of medicinal plants
native to or naturalized in South Africa.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 92, 177–191.
Del Fierro, R.S., Maquilang, Q.M., Sanjorjo, R.A.,
Tradio, M.D., Shen, C.C. & Ragasa, C.Y. (2012).
Secondary metabolites from Cinnamomum
cebuense. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research,
6, 2146–2149.
Drug Office. (2013). Oral Anthelmintics. Available
at: https://www.drugoffice.gov.hk/eps/do/
en/consumer/news_informations/dm_19.
html.
Espineli, D.L., Agoo, E.M., del Fierro, R.S., Shen,
C.C., & Ragasa, C.Y. (2014). Cytotoxic
and antimicrobial compounds from
Cinnamomum cebuense Kosterm. (Lauraceae).
Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal, 48, 598–
602.
Fennell, C.W., Lindsey, K.L., McGaw, L.J., Sparg,
S.G., Stafford, G.I., Elgorashi, E.E., Grace, O.M.
& Van Staden, J. (2004). Assessing African
medicinal plants for efficacy and safety:
pharmacological screening and toxicology.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 94, 205–217.
Finney, D. J., Ed. (1952). Probit Analysis. Cambridge,
England, Cambridge University Press.
Geethaa, S., Thavamany PJ, Chiew SP, and Thong
OM. 2013. Interference from ordinarily used
solvents in the outcomes of Artemia salina
lethality test. J Adv Pharm Tech Res, 4:179–182.
Hamidi, M, Jovanova, B. & Panovska, T. (2014).
Toxicоlogical evaluation of the plant products
using Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina L.) model.
Macedonian Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 60, 9–18.
Jagota, S.C. (1986). Albendazole, a broadspectrum
anthelmintic, in the treatment of
intestinal nematode and cestode infection:
a multicenter study in 480 patients. Clinical
Therapeutics, 8, 226–231.
Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). (2013).
Cinnamon. Retrieved from http://www.
celkau.in/crops/spices/Cinnamon/cinnamon.
aspx.
Kong, J.O., Lee, S.M., Moon, Y.S., Lee, S.G. & Ahn,
Y.J. (2007). Nematicidal activity of cassia
and cinnamon oil compounds and related
compounds toward Bursaphelenchus
xylophilus (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae).
Journal of Nematology, 39, 31–36.
Kundu, S., Roy, S.& Lyndem, L.M. (2012). Cassia alata
L: potential role as anthelmintic agent against
Hymenolepis diminuta. Parasitology Research,
111, 1187–1192.
Ling, F., Jiang, C., Liu, G., Li, M. & Wang, G. (2015).
Anthelmintic efficacy of cinnamaldehyde
and cinnamic acid from cortex cinnamon
essential oil against Dactylogyrus intermedius.
Parasitology, 142, 1744–1750.
Maridass, M. (2008). Evaluation of brine
shrimp lethality of Cinnamomum species.
Ethnobotany Leaflets, 12, 772–775.
Martin, R.J., Robertson, A.P.& Bjorn, H. (1997). Target
sites of anthelmintics. Parasitology, 114, 111–
124.
Mclaughlin, J.L., Rogers, L.L. & Anderson, J.E. (1998).
The use of biological assays to evaluate
botanicals. Drug Information Journal, 32, 513–
524.
Meyer, B.N., Ferrigni, N.R., Putnam, J.E., Jacobsen,
L.B., Nichols, D.E. & McLaughlin, J.L. (1982).
Brine shrimp: a convenient general bioassay
for active plant constituents. Planta medica,
45:31–34.
Moshi, M.J., Innocent, E., Magadula, J.J., Otieno,
D.F., Weisheit, A., Mbabazi, P.K. & Nondo, R.S.
(2010). Brine shrimp toxicity of some plants
used as traditional medicines in Kagera
region, northwestern Tanzania. Tanzania
Journal of Health Research, 12, 63–67.
Mounanga, M.B., Mewono, L. & Angone,
S.A.(2015). Toxicity studies of medicinal
plants used in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, 174, 618–627.
Olowa, L.F. & Nuñeza, O.M. (2013). Brine shrimp
lethality assay of the ethanolic extracts of
three selected species of medicinal plants
from Iligan City, Philippines. International
Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 2:74–77.
Panda, S.K., Das, D. & Tripathy, N.K. (2011).
Evaluation of Anthelmintic activity of
Chlorophytum borivilianum santapau &
fernandes. International Journal of Research
in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences,
2:676–679.
Pathare, Y.S. & Wagh, V.D. (2012). Herbal medicines
and nutritional supplements used in the
treatment of glaucoma: A review. Research
Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological, and
Chemical Sciences, 3, 331–339.
Patwardhan, V. & Ghaskadbi, S. (2013). Invertebrate
alternatives for toxicity testing: hydra stakes
its claim. ATEX, 2, 69–76.
PITAHC. (2018). Department of Health - Philippine
Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health
Care. Retrieved from http://pitahc.gov.
ph/pitahc-remains-strong-as-a-researchinstitute-
for-tcm/.
Rabiu, H., Subasish, M. & Parag, G.H. (2011).
Investigation of in vitro anthelmintic
activity of Cinnamomum camphor leaves.
International Journal of Drug Development
Research, 3:295¬–300.
Ragasa, C.Y., Espineli, D.L., Agoo, E., Del Fierro,
R.S., Don, M.J. & Shen, C.C. (2013). Chemical
constituents of Cinnamomum cebuense.
Chinese Journal of Natural Medicine, 11,
264¬268.
Rakhshandehroo, E., Asadpour, M., Jafari, A. &
Malekpour, S.H. (2016). The effectiveness
of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Punica
granatumflower, and Capsicum annuum
extract against Parascaris equorum infective
larvae. Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine - Istanbul University, 42, 132–137.
Research Information Series on Ecosystems [RISE]
(1992). Distribution and Site Requirements of
Some Reforestation Species. Special Issue No.
4. ERDB, College, Laguna 12 pp.
Sarah, Q.S., Anny, F.C. & Misbahuddin, M. (2017).
Brine shrimp lethality assay. Bangladesh
Journal of Pharmacology, 12, 5-2017.
Schultz, E. & Joutti, A. (2007). Arsenic Ecotoxicity
in Soils, Geological Survey of Finland.
Miscellaneous Publications, 53 p.
Singh, R. & Jawaid, T. (2012). Cinnamomum
camphora (Kapur). Pharmacognosy Journal,
4, 1–5.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA). (2018).
The Drug Development Process – Step 2:
Preclinical Research. Retrieved from: https://
www.fda.gov/ForPatients/Approvals/Drugs/
ucm405658.htm.
Vercruysse, J. & Claerebout, E. (2016). Mechanisms
of Action of Anthelmintics. Retrieved
from: http://www.merckvetmanual.com/
pharmacology/anthelmintics/mechanismsof-
action-of-anthelmintics.
Williams, A.R., Ramsay, A., Hansen, T.V., Ropiak,
H.M., Mejer, H., Nejsum, P., Mueller-Harvey, I. &
Thamsborg, S.M. (2015). Anthelmintic activity
of trans-cinnamaldehyde and A-and B-type
proanthocyanidins derived from cinnamon
(Cinnamomum verum). Scientific Reports,
5,14791.
Wong, Y.C., Ahmad-Mudzaqqir, M.Y. & Wan-
Nurdiyana, W.A. (2014). Extraction of
essential oil from cinnamon (Cinnamomum
zeylanicum). Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 30,
37–47.
World Health Organization. (1997). Working
Group on Herbal Medicines. Western Pacific
Regional Office, Manila, Philipines. 206 pp.
Retrieved from http://www.who.int/iris/
handle/10665/207932.
World Health Organization. (2016). Test procedures
for insecticide resistance monitoring in
malaria vector mosquitoes 2nd ed. Geneva,
Switzerland: WHO Document Production
Services.
World Health Organization. (2017). Soil-transmitted
helminth infections. Retrieved from http://
www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs366/
en/.
& Uddin, S.M.N. (2013). Determination
of Chemical Groups and Investigation of
Anthelmintic, Cytotoxic, and Antibacterial
Activities of Leaves of Cinnamomum tamala
(Family: Lauraceae). International Journal of
Pharmamedix, 1, 222–232.
Ajaiyeoba, E.O., Onocha, P.A. & Olarenwaju, O.T.
(2001). In vitro anthelmintic properties of
Buchholzia coriaceae and Gynandropsis
gynandra extracts. Pharmaceutical Biology,
39, 217–220.
Akhtar, M.S., Iqbal, Z., Khan, M.N. & Lateef, M. (2001).
Anthelmintic activity of medicinal plants with
particular reference to their use in animals
in the Indo–Pakistan subcontinent. Small
Ruminant Research, 38, 99–107.
Asha, M.K., Prashanth, D., Murali, B., Padmaja, R.,
& Amit, A. (2001). Anthelminthic activity
of essential oil of Ocimum sanctum and
eugenol. Fitoterapia, 72, 669–70.
Barceloux, D.G. (2009). Cinnamon (Cinnamomum
species). Dis Mon: DM, 55, 327-335.
Biswas, S.K., Chowdhury, A., Das, J., Karmakar,
U.K., Shill, M.C., & Raihan, S.Z. (2011).
Assessment of toxicity, antibacterial activity
and phytochemical screening of ethanol
extract of Phyllanthus acidus L. bark. Journal
of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 1, 112–114.
Brine Shrimp Direct Inc. (2018). Hatching Brine
Shrimp Cysts. Retrieved from https://www.
brineshrimpdirect.com/about-us/articles/
hatching-brine-shrimp-cysts/.
Chudzik, M., Korzonek-Szlacheta, I. & Król, W.
(2015). Triterpenes as potentially cytotoxic
compounds. Molecules, 20, 1610–1625.
Clarkson, C., Maharaj, V.J., Crouch, N.R., Grace,
O.M., Pillay, P., Matsabisa, M.G., Bhagwandin,
N., Smith, P.J. & Folb, P.I. (2004). In vitro
antiplasmodial activity of medicinal plants
native to or naturalized in South Africa.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 92, 177–191.
Del Fierro, R.S., Maquilang, Q.M., Sanjorjo, R.A.,
Tradio, M.D., Shen, C.C. & Ragasa, C.Y. (2012).
Secondary metabolites from Cinnamomum
cebuense. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research,
6, 2146–2149.
Drug Office. (2013). Oral Anthelmintics. Available
at: https://www.drugoffice.gov.hk/eps/do/
en/consumer/news_informations/dm_19.
html.
Espineli, D.L., Agoo, E.M., del Fierro, R.S., Shen,
C.C., & Ragasa, C.Y. (2014). Cytotoxic
and antimicrobial compounds from
Cinnamomum cebuense Kosterm. (Lauraceae).
Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal, 48, 598–
602.
Fennell, C.W., Lindsey, K.L., McGaw, L.J., Sparg,
S.G., Stafford, G.I., Elgorashi, E.E., Grace, O.M.
& Van Staden, J. (2004). Assessing African
medicinal plants for efficacy and safety:
pharmacological screening and toxicology.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 94, 205–217.
Finney, D. J., Ed. (1952). Probit Analysis. Cambridge,
England, Cambridge University Press.
Geethaa, S., Thavamany PJ, Chiew SP, and Thong
OM. 2013. Interference from ordinarily used
solvents in the outcomes of Artemia salina
lethality test. J Adv Pharm Tech Res, 4:179–182.
Hamidi, M, Jovanova, B. & Panovska, T. (2014).
Toxicоlogical evaluation of the plant products
using Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina L.) model.
Macedonian Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 60, 9–18.
Jagota, S.C. (1986). Albendazole, a broadspectrum
anthelmintic, in the treatment of
intestinal nematode and cestode infection:
a multicenter study in 480 patients. Clinical
Therapeutics, 8, 226–231.
Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). (2013).
Cinnamon. Retrieved from http://www.
celkau.in/crops/spices/Cinnamon/cinnamon.
aspx.
Kong, J.O., Lee, S.M., Moon, Y.S., Lee, S.G. & Ahn,
Y.J. (2007). Nematicidal activity of cassia
and cinnamon oil compounds and related
compounds toward Bursaphelenchus
xylophilus (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae).
Journal of Nematology, 39, 31–36.
Kundu, S., Roy, S.& Lyndem, L.M. (2012). Cassia alata
L: potential role as anthelmintic agent against
Hymenolepis diminuta. Parasitology Research,
111, 1187–1192.
Ling, F., Jiang, C., Liu, G., Li, M. & Wang, G. (2015).
Anthelmintic efficacy of cinnamaldehyde
and cinnamic acid from cortex cinnamon
essential oil against Dactylogyrus intermedius.
Parasitology, 142, 1744–1750.
Maridass, M. (2008). Evaluation of brine
shrimp lethality of Cinnamomum species.
Ethnobotany Leaflets, 12, 772–775.
Martin, R.J., Robertson, A.P.& Bjorn, H. (1997). Target
sites of anthelmintics. Parasitology, 114, 111–
124.
Mclaughlin, J.L., Rogers, L.L. & Anderson, J.E. (1998).
The use of biological assays to evaluate
botanicals. Drug Information Journal, 32, 513–
524.
Meyer, B.N., Ferrigni, N.R., Putnam, J.E., Jacobsen,
L.B., Nichols, D.E. & McLaughlin, J.L. (1982).
Brine shrimp: a convenient general bioassay
for active plant constituents. Planta medica,
45:31–34.
Moshi, M.J., Innocent, E., Magadula, J.J., Otieno,
D.F., Weisheit, A., Mbabazi, P.K. & Nondo, R.S.
(2010). Brine shrimp toxicity of some plants
used as traditional medicines in Kagera
region, northwestern Tanzania. Tanzania
Journal of Health Research, 12, 63–67.
Mounanga, M.B., Mewono, L. & Angone,
S.A.(2015). Toxicity studies of medicinal
plants used in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, 174, 618–627.
Olowa, L.F. & Nuñeza, O.M. (2013). Brine shrimp
lethality assay of the ethanolic extracts of
three selected species of medicinal plants
from Iligan City, Philippines. International
Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 2:74–77.
Panda, S.K., Das, D. & Tripathy, N.K. (2011).
Evaluation of Anthelmintic activity of
Chlorophytum borivilianum santapau &
fernandes. International Journal of Research
in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences,
2:676–679.
Pathare, Y.S. & Wagh, V.D. (2012). Herbal medicines
and nutritional supplements used in the
treatment of glaucoma: A review. Research
Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological, and
Chemical Sciences, 3, 331–339.
Patwardhan, V. & Ghaskadbi, S. (2013). Invertebrate
alternatives for toxicity testing: hydra stakes
its claim. ATEX, 2, 69–76.
PITAHC. (2018). Department of Health - Philippine
Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health
Care. Retrieved from http://pitahc.gov.
ph/pitahc-remains-strong-as-a-researchinstitute-
for-tcm/.
Rabiu, H., Subasish, M. & Parag, G.H. (2011).
Investigation of in vitro anthelmintic
activity of Cinnamomum camphor leaves.
International Journal of Drug Development
Research, 3:295¬–300.
Ragasa, C.Y., Espineli, D.L., Agoo, E., Del Fierro,
R.S., Don, M.J. & Shen, C.C. (2013). Chemical
constituents of Cinnamomum cebuense.
Chinese Journal of Natural Medicine, 11,
264¬268.
Rakhshandehroo, E., Asadpour, M., Jafari, A. &
Malekpour, S.H. (2016). The effectiveness
of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Punica
granatumflower, and Capsicum annuum
extract against Parascaris equorum infective
larvae. Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine - Istanbul University, 42, 132–137.
Research Information Series on Ecosystems [RISE]
(1992). Distribution and Site Requirements of
Some Reforestation Species. Special Issue No.
4. ERDB, College, Laguna 12 pp.
Sarah, Q.S., Anny, F.C. & Misbahuddin, M. (2017).
Brine shrimp lethality assay. Bangladesh
Journal of Pharmacology, 12, 5-2017.
Schultz, E. & Joutti, A. (2007). Arsenic Ecotoxicity
in Soils, Geological Survey of Finland.
Miscellaneous Publications, 53 p.
Singh, R. & Jawaid, T. (2012). Cinnamomum
camphora (Kapur). Pharmacognosy Journal,
4, 1–5.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA). (2018).
The Drug Development Process – Step 2:
Preclinical Research. Retrieved from: https://
www.fda.gov/ForPatients/Approvals/Drugs/
ucm405658.htm.
Vercruysse, J. & Claerebout, E. (2016). Mechanisms
of Action of Anthelmintics. Retrieved
from: http://www.merckvetmanual.com/
pharmacology/anthelmintics/mechanismsof-
action-of-anthelmintics.
Williams, A.R., Ramsay, A., Hansen, T.V., Ropiak,
H.M., Mejer, H., Nejsum, P., Mueller-Harvey, I. &
Thamsborg, S.M. (2015). Anthelmintic activity
of trans-cinnamaldehyde and A-and B-type
proanthocyanidins derived from cinnamon
(Cinnamomum verum). Scientific Reports,
5,14791.
Wong, Y.C., Ahmad-Mudzaqqir, M.Y. & Wan-
Nurdiyana, W.A. (2014). Extraction of
essential oil from cinnamon (Cinnamomum
zeylanicum). Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 30,
37–47.
World Health Organization. (1997). Working
Group on Herbal Medicines. Western Pacific
Regional Office, Manila, Philipines. 206 pp.
Retrieved from http://www.who.int/iris/
handle/10665/207932.
World Health Organization. (2016). Test procedures
for insecticide resistance monitoring in
malaria vector mosquitoes 2nd ed. Geneva,
Switzerland: WHO Document Production
Services.
World Health Organization. (2017). Soil-transmitted
helminth infections. Retrieved from http://
www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs366/
en/.
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Published
2019-06-20
How to Cite
Bilbao, G. C., Alimpoos, M. R., Baguio, J., Sabal, S., Ursal, S. M., & Picardal, J. P. (2019). Toxicity Evaluation and Anthelminthic Property of Cebu Cinnamon (Cinnamomum cebuense Kosterm.) Leaf Extracts. Recoletos Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 7(1), 47–61. https://doi.org/10.32871/rmrj1907.01.05
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