Fractal Analysis of Global Fresh Water Use
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32871/rmrj1503.01.06Keywords:
Fractal Statistics Analysis, Freshwater extraction, water scarcity, water scarcity impact, water stress, environmental degradation, desertificationAbstract
Fresh water withdrawals refer to the total fresh water withdrawn in a given year, expressed as a percentage of total renewable water resource. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resource where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Exploratory data analysis using Fractal Statistics were used to determine significant information about the global freshwater extractions of the different countries. Fractal Statistics Analysis, has determined
the data to be exponential in distribution across regions and the impact of water scarcity on countries is fractal. Other significant issues are over-extraction of underground water, fresh water depletion, and environmental degradation.
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Nhapi, I., Hoko, Z., Siebel, M. A., & Gijzen, H. J. (2002). Assessment of the major water and nutrient flows in the Chivero catchment area, Zimbabwe. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 27(11), 783-792.
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Oki, T., & Kanae, S. (2006). Global hydrological cycles and world water resources. science, 313(5790), 1068-1072.
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Varis, O., & Vakkilainen, P. (2001). China’s 8 challenges to water resources management in the first quarter of the 21st Century. Geomorphology, 41(2), 93-104.
Vörösmarty, C. J., Green, P., Salisbury, J., & Lammers, R. B. (2000). Global water resources: vulnerability from climate change and population growth. science, 289(5477), 284-288.
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Yemen. (2009). Retrieved June 14, 2015, from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: http://www.fao.org/nr /water/aquastat/countries_regions/YEM/index.stm
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Ahmed, M., & Al-Rawahy, S. A. (2011). Living with Soil Salinity: Is it Possible?. The Environment and the Middle East , 25 - 27.
Al-Weshah, R. (2003). The role of UNESCO in sustainable water resources management in the Arab World. Desalination, 152(1), 1-13.
Alderman, L. (2010). Dubai faces environmental problems after growth. The New York Times. October, 27.
Amster, A., Pallant, E., & Saranga, D. (Eds.). (2007). Integrated water resources management and security in the Middle East. Springer.
Arnell, N. W. (2004). Climate change and global water resources: SRES emissions and socio-economic scenarios. Global environmental change, 14(1), 31-52.
Ashton, P. J. (2002). Avoiding conflicts over Africa’s water resources. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 31(3), 236-242.
Barbier, E. B. (1994). Valuing environmental functions: tropical wetlands. Land economics, 155-173.
Bouwer, H. (2002). Artificial recharge of groundwater: hydrogeology and engineering. Hydrogeology Journal, 10(1), 121-142.
Brown, A., & Matlock, M. D. (2011). A review of water scarcity indices and methodologies. The Sustainability Consortium, White paper, 106, 19.
Brown, J. H., Burnside, W. R., Davidson, A. D., DeLong, J. P., Dunn, W. C., Hamilton, M. J., ... & Zuo, W. (2011). Energetic limits to economic growth. BioScience, 61(1), 19-26.
Brown, L. R. (2000). Population growth sentencing millions to hydrological poverty. Worldwatch Institute Issue Alert, 21.
Brown, L. (2001). How water scarcity will shape the new century. Water Science & Technology, 43(4), 17-22.
Chenoweth, J. (2008). A re-assessment of indicators of national water scarcity. Water International, 33(1), 5-18.
Cohen, J. E. (1995). Human carrying capacity. Science, 269, 341.
Derobert, E., & Tolba, M. World business council for sustainable development.
Everett, T., Ishwaran, M., Ansaloni, G. P., & Rubin, A. (2010). Economic growth and the environment.
Falkenmark, M., Lundqvist, J., & Widstrand, C. (1989, November). Macroâ€scale water scarcity requires microâ€scale approaches. In Natural resources forum (Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 258-267). Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Falkenmark, M., & Lundqvist, J. (1998, February). Towards water security: political determination and human adaptation crucial. In Natural Resources Forum (Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 37-51). Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Garrett, J. L., & Ruel, M. T. (Eds.). (2000).Achieving urban food and nutrition security in the developing world.
Gardner-Outlaw, T., & Engelman, R. (1999). Sustaining Water, Easing Scarcity: A Second Update: Revised Data for the Population Action International Report, Sustaining Water: Population and the Future of Renewable Water Supplies. Population action international. Population and environment program.
Gassert, F., Reig, P., Luo, T., & Maddocks, A. (2013). Aqueduct country and river basin rankings: A weighted aggregation of spatially distinct hydrological indicators. World Resources Institute, December. Available at: http://wri. org/publication /aqueduct-country-river-basin-rankings
Gilbert, R., Stevenson, D., Girardet, H., & Stren, R. (2013). Making Cities Work: Role of Local Authorities in the Urban Environment. Routledge.
Gilbuena, R., Kawamura, A., Medina, R., Amaguchi, H., Nakagawa, N., & Du Bui, D. (2013). Environmental impact assessment of structural flood mitigation measures by a rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM) technique: A case study in Metro Manila, Philippines. Science of the Total Environment, 456, 137-147.
Glover, I. (2004). Southeast Asia: from prehistory to history. Psychology Press.
Halili, C. N. (2004). Philippine history. Rex Bookstore, Inc..
Hamoda, M. F. (2001). Desalination and water resource management in Kuwait. Desalination, 138(1), 385-393.
Hepler, R. (2015). Liberal Environmental Policies Largely to Blame for Californian Drought. Retrieved October 18, 2015, from The Federabalist Paper Project: https://www. thefederalistpapers.org/us/liberal-environmental-policies-largely-to-blame-for-californian-drought
Holway, J. M., & Burby, R. J. (1990). The effects of floodplain development controls on residential land values. Land Economics, 259-271.
Homer-Dixon, T. F. (2010). Environment, scarcity, and violence. Princeton University Press.
Hussein, M. A. (2011). Impacts of Water Scarcity on the Social Welfare of Citizens in the Middle East. The Environment and the Middle East , 20-24.
Indonesia. (2012). Retrieved June 14, 2015, from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: http://www.fao.org/nr /water/aquastat/countries_regions/IDN/index.stm
Israel. (2009). Retrieved June 14, 2015, from Food And Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/ISR/index.stm
Jønch-Clausen, T. (2004). “--Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and Water Efficiency Plans by 2005â€: Why, what and How?. Global Water Partnership.
Kuwait. (2009). Retrieved June 14, 2015, from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: http://www.fao.org/nr/ water/aquastat/countries_regions/KWT/index.stm
Lazarova, V., Levine, B., Sack, J., Cirelli, G., Jeffrey, P., Muntau, H., ... & Brissaud, F. (2001). Role of water reuse for enhancing integrated water management in Europe and Mediterranean countries. Water Science & Technology, 43(10), 25-33.
Libya. (2005). Retrieved June 14, 2015, from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: http://www.fao.org/nr/water /aquastat/countries_regions/LBY/index.stm
Malaysia. (2012). Retrieved June 14, 2015, from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: http://www.fao.org/nr/ water/aquastat/countries_regions/MYS/index.stm
Malik, K. (2013). Human development report 2013. The rise of the South: Human progress in a diverse world. The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World (March 15, 2013). UNDP-HDRO Human Development Reports.
Malthus, T. R. (1798). An essay on the principle of population (Vol. 1). Cosimo, Inc..
Mandelbrot, B. B. (1983). The fractal geometry of nature. Macmillan
Matlock, M. (2008). Water profile of United Arab Emirates. Retrieved June 2015, from The Encyclopedia of Earth: http://www.eoearth .org/view/article/51cbef337896bb431f69d0df/
Montz, B. E. (2000). The generation of flood hazards and disasters by urban development of floodplains. Floods, 1, 116-127.
Nhapi, I., Hoko, Z., Siebel, M. A., & Gijzen, H. J. (2002). Assessment of the major water and nutrient flows in the Chivero catchment area, Zimbabwe. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 27(11), 783-792.
Novitski, R. P., Smith, R. D., & Fretwell, J. D. (1996). Wetland functions, values, and assessment. National Summary on Wetland Resources. USGS Water Supply Paper, 2425, 79-86.
Occupied Palestinian Territory. (2009). Retrieved June 14, 2015, from Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/PSE/index.stm
Oki, T., & Kanae, S. (2006). Global hydrological cycles and world water resources. science, 313(5790), 1068-1072.
Papua New Guinea. (2012). Retrieved June 14, 2015, from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/PNG/index.stm
Peralta, J. T., & Salazar, L. A. (1974). Pre-Spanish Manila: a reconstruction of the pre-history of Manila. National Historical Commission.
Pereira, L. S., Cordery, I., & Iacovides, I. (2009). Coping with water scarcity: Addressing the challenges. Springer Science & Business Media.
Petersen, M. M. (1999). A natural approach to watershed planning, restoration and management. Water Science and Technology, 39(12), 347-352.
Philippines. (2012). Retrieved June 14, 2015, from Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations: http://www.fao.org/nr /water/aquastat/countries_regions/PHL/index.stm
Postel, S. L. (1998). Water for food production: Will there be enough in 2025?. BioScience, 629-637.
Postel, S. L. (2000). Entering an era of water scarcity: the challenges ahead. Ecological applications, 10(4), 941-948.
Qatar. (2009). Retrieved June 14, 2015, from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: http://www.fao.org/nr/water /aquastat/countries_regions/QAT/index.stm
Saudi Arabia. (2009). Retrieved June 14, 2015, from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: http://www.fao.org/nr /water/aquastat/countries_regions/SAU/index.stm
Savenije, H. H., & Van der Zaag, P. (2000). Conceptual framework for the management of shared river basins; with special reference to the SADC and EU. Water policy, 2(1), 9-45.
Schulte, P. (2014). Pacific Institute Insight. Retrieved September 29, 2015, from Pacific Institute: http://pacinst.org/water-definitions/
Swain, A. (2008). Mission not yet accomplished: managing water resources in the Nile River basin. Journal of International Affairs-Columbia University, 61(2), 201.
Syrian Arab Republic. (2009). Retrieved June 14, 2015, from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/SYR/index.stmTabel-Aoul, M. (2011). Innovating Ways to Face the Effects of
Environmental Degradation. The Environment and the Middle East , 28 - 31.
Tortajada, C. (2009). Water management in 2020 and beyond (pp. 1-34). A. K. Biswas (Ed.). Berlin: Springer.
UNDP. (2013 ). Human Development Reports. Retrieved November 2014, from United Nations Development Programme: hdr.undp.org/en/data
United Arab Emirates. (2009). Retrieved June 14, 2015, from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/ARE/index.stm
Varis, O., & Vakkilainen, P. (2001). China’s 8 challenges to water resources management in the first quarter of the 21st Century. Geomorphology, 41(2), 93-104.
Vörösmarty, C. J., Green, P., Salisbury, J., & Lammers, R. B. (2000). Global water resources: vulnerability from climate change and population growth. science, 289(5477), 284-288.
Water, S. (2003). Population and the Future of Renewable Water Supplies. Population Action International, Washington, DC.
Yemen. (2009). Retrieved June 14, 2015, from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: http://www.fao.org/nr /water/aquastat/countries_regions/YEM/index.stm
Zimmerman, M. (2015). Man-made disaster’: Critics say California drought caused by misguided environment policies. Retrieved October 11, 2015, from FOX NEWS: http://www.foxnews.com/us/2015/04/16/man-made-disaster-critics-say-california-drought-caused-by-misguided/
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Published
2015-06-30
How to Cite
Salazar, R. K., & Petralba, J. E. (2015). Fractal Analysis of Global Fresh Water Use. Recoletos Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.32871/rmrj1503.01.06
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