Emissivity of “Grey†Bodies, Surface Roughness and other Measures
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32871/rmrj1402.02.14Keywords:
emissivity, grey body, surface roughness, electron microscopy, fractal dimension, heat transfer, thermal radiation, regression analysisAbstract
The Stefan-Boltzmann law quantifies the radiating energy of a body, but this requires knowledge on emissivity. The surface emissivity values more often are determined using instruments in a test or experiments. This procedure may not be practical for large objects that are difficult to mount in a laboratory. This paper reviews the different concepts and dimensions that affect emissivity. This explores the relationship of emissivity with the selected thermodynamic properties, dimensions including the surface microstructure of the material. Thermodynamic properties and surface microstructure images from online sources were utilized as data for the selected materials. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) provides the rest of the unavailable images. Fractal image analysis characterized and gave dimension to the roughness of the surface microstructure of the material. Different regression models of the relevant dimensions were tested to determine the statistical relation and the optimum correlation to emissivity. Overall, the calculated values of the emissivity model of the study yields strong correlation with the published emissivity values.References
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Wen, C. D., & Mudawar, I. (2006). Modeling the effects of surface roughness on the emissivity of aluminum alloys. International journal of heat and mass transfer, 49(23), 4279-4289.
Weng, Q. (2003). Fractal analysis of satellite-detected urban heat island effect. Photogrammetric engineering & remote sensing, 69(5), 555-566.
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Astarita, T., & Carlomagno, G. M. (2013). Infrared Thermography for Thermo-Fluid-Dynamics.
Attalah, S. (1966). A relationship between emissivity and thermal conductivity of metals. British journal of applied physics, 17(573), 0508-3443.
Batchelor, G. K. (2000). An introduction to fluid dynamics. Cambridge university press.
Berry, B. (2014, November 14). General Posts: Does emissivity change with temperature? Retrieved June 23, 2015, from Thermal Vision: http://www.thermalvision.ie
Bloise, A., Fornero, E., Belluso, E., Barrese, E., & Rinaudo, C. (2008). Synthesis and characterization of tremolite asbestos fibres. European Journal of Mineralogy, 20(6), 1027-1033.
Brewster, M. Q. (1992). Thermal radiative transfer and properties. John Wiley & Sons.
Cengel, Y. A., Klein, S., & Beckman, W. (1998). Heat transfer: a practical approach.
Chen, L., Yang, B. T., & Hu, X. (1990). Design principle for simultaneous emissivity and temperature measurements. Optical Engineering, 29(12), 1445-1448.
Crystal Mark Inc. (2014). Retrieved November 24, 2014, from Crystal Mark Inc: http://www.crystalmarkinc.com/wp-content/uploads
D'Annunzio, J. (2010). Reflectivity, emissivity important factors when selecting a cool roof. (Retrieve December 20 2014, from: http://www.facilitiesnet.com/roofing/article/Reflectivity-Emissivity-Important-Factors-When-Selecting-A-Cool-Roof--11641#)
Dozier, J., & Warren, S. G. (1982). Effect of viewing angle on the infrared brightness temperature of snow. Water Resources Research, 18(5), 1424-1434.
EN12524, B. S. (2000). Building materials and products–Hygrothermal properties–Tabulated design values. British Standards Institution, London. ISBN 0, 580(34797), 4.
Engineering Toolbox. (n.d, ). Material Properties:. Retrieved November 20, 2014, from The engineering Toolbox: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/material-properties-t_24.html
Especel, D., & Mattei, S. (1996). Total emissivity measurements without use of an absolute reference. Infrared physics & technology, 37(7), 777-784.
Flynn, A. J., & Stachurski, Z. H. (2006, Spetember). Microstructure and properties of stoneware clay bodies. Clay Minerals, 41, 775-789. Retrieved November 24, 2014, from Clay Minerals: http://claymin.geoscienceworld.org/content
Firefly Diapers. (2014). Retrieved November 24, 2014, from Firefly Diapers: http://www.fireflydiapers. com
Fluke Corporation. (2007, September 1). Emissivity of Common Materials. Everett, Washington, USA. Retrieved November 20, 2013, from www.frigidn.com/resources/EmissivityTable.pdf
Fuji & Co. (2009). Thermopile, (Retrieved December 20 2014 from: http://www.fuji-piezo.com/)
Grey Cast Iron Technical Data. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14, 2014, from Durham Foundry: http://www.castironcastings.com/images/high-tensile-strength-hardness.jpg)
Jalaal, M., Ghasemi, E., Ganji, D. D., Bararnia, H., Soleimani, S., Nejad, G. M., & Esmaeilpour, M. (2011). Effect of temperature-dependency of surface emissivity on heat transfer using the parameterized perturbation method. Thermal Science, 15(suppl. 1), 123-125.
Johnson, R. B., Feng, C., & Fehribach, J. D. (1988, January). On the validity and techniques of temperature and emissivity measurements. In 1988 Orlando Technical Symposium (pp. 202-206). International Society for Optics and Photonics.
Mandelbrot, B. B. (1983). The fractal geometry of nature (Vol. 173). Macmillan.
Merckx, B., Dudoignon, P., Garnier, J. P., & Marchand, D. (2012). Simplified Transient Hot-Wire Method for Effective Thermal Conductivity Measurement in Geo Materials: Microstructure and Saturation Effect. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2012.
Micrographs : Microstructures. (2014). Retrieved November 24, 2014, from Internet Microscope for Schools: http://pwatlas.mt.umist.ac.uk/internetmicroscope/
Minkina, W., & Dudzik, S. (2009). Infrared thermography: errors and uncertainties. John Wiley & Sons.
Musilová, V. (2010). Factors that influence emissivity values, (Retrieved December 20, 2014, from: http://www.evitherm.org/default.asp?ID=216)
National Physical Laboratory. (2008, ). Kaye and Laby Table of Physical & Chemical Constants. Retrieved November 20, 2013, from National Physical Laboratory: http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_ physics/2_3/2_3_7.html
Omega Engineering. (n.d.). Temperature: Table of Total Emissivity. Retrieved November 20, 2014, from Omega: www.omega.com/temperature/z/pdf/z088-089.pdf
Paloposki, T., & Liedquist, L. (2005). Steel emissivity at high temperatures. Technical Research Centre of Finland. Research Notes, (2299), 81.
Powell, R. W., Ho, C. Y., & Liley, P. E. (1966). Thermal conductivity of selected materials (No. NSRDS-NBS-8). NATIONAL STANDARD REFERENCE DATA SYSTEM.
Thompson, P. (2010, March 25). FAQs: What is emissivity and why is it important? Retrieved June 23, 2015, from NPL: http://www.npl.co.uk/
Shanmugavadivu, P., & Sivakumar, V. (2012). Fractal dimension based texture analysis of digital images. Procedia Engineering, 38, 2981-2986.
Siegel, R., & Howell, J. R. (1992). Thermal radiation heat transfer. NASA STI/Recon Technical Report A, 93, 17522.
Siegel, R. (2001). Thermal radiation heat transfer (Vol. 1). CRC press.
Siroux, M., Tang-Kwor, E., & Matteï, S. (1998). A periodic technique for
emissivity measurements of insulating materials at moderate temperature. Measurement Science and Technology, 9(12), 1956.
Touloukian, Y. S., & DeWitt, D. P. (1989). Themal radiative properties: Metallic elements and alloys. UMI.
Voort, G. V. (n.d.). Resources: Miecrostructure of Ferrous Alloy. Retrieved November 24, 2014, from Vac Aero International Inc: http://vacaero.com/information-resources/metallography-with-george-vander-voort/894-microstructure-of-ferrous-alloys.html
Wen, C. D., & Mudawar, I. (2005). Emissivity characteristics of polished aluminum alloy surfaces and assessment of multispectral radiation thermometry (MRT) emissivity models. International journal of heat and mass transfer, 48(7), 1316-1329.
Wen, C. D., & Mudawar, I. (2006). Modeling the effects of surface roughness on the emissivity of aluminum alloys. International journal of heat and mass transfer, 49(23), 4279-4289.
Weng, Q. (2003). Fractal analysis of satellite-detected urban heat island effect. Photogrammetric engineering & remote sensing, 69(5), 555-566.
You, Z., & Butlar, W. (2010, January 31). Imaging Technology Group. Retrieved November 24, 2014, from Beckman Institute: https://itg.beckman.illinois.edu/communications/iotw/2003-12-23/
Zalba, B., MarıÌn, J. M., Cabeza, L. F., & Mehling, H. (2003). Review on thermal energy storage with phase change: materials, heat transfer analysis and applications. Applied thermal engineering, 23(3), 251-283.
Zmeskal, O. Bzatec, T., Nezadal, M. & Buchnicek, M. (2013). Image Fundamentals: HarFA Basics, (Retrieved December 20 2014, from: http://www.fch.vutbr.cz/lectures/imagesci.)
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Published
2014-12-09
How to Cite
Salazar, R. K., & Laurente, C. L. B. (2014). Emissivity of “Grey†Bodies, Surface Roughness and other Measures. Recoletos Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.32871/rmrj1402.02.14
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