Flourishing in the Later Years: Exploring, Developing, Validating, and Reliability Testing of a Flourishing Scale for Filipino Older Adults

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32871/rmrj2412.01.07

Keywords:

flourishing, Filipino, older adults, scale, content validity, reliability

Abstract

This study developed, validated, and tested the reliability of the flourishing scale for Filipino older adults.  The exploratory sequential mixed methods approach and the purposive snowball sampling technique were utilized. The study revealed nine themes: life triumphs, activities, attitude, relationships, emotions, resources, life purpose, life lessons, and spirituality. These served as bases for the nine items developed, constituting the flourishing scale. The scale evaluation revealed an I-CVI > 0.78 and S-CVI/Ave = 0.943, which indicated excellent content validity with all items maintained. For reliability testing, Cronbach’s alpha analysis yielded α = .865, indicating a reliable and acceptable scale. Recommendations to utilize the flourishing scale for Filipino older adults are provided in nursing practice and nursing education.

References

Albarracín, D., & Wyer, R. S., Jr. (2000). The cognitive impact of past behavior: Influences on beliefs, attitudes, and future behavioral decisions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(1), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.79.1.5

Carandang, R. R., Asis, E., Shibanuma, A., Kiriya, J., Murayama, H., & Jimba, M. (2019). Unmet needs and coping mechanisms among community-dwelling senior citizens in the Philippines: A qualitative study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(19), 3745. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193745

Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (3rd ed.). Sage.

De Leon, A. (2014). The quality of life of the Filipino elderly in selected cities and provinces. In Presentation for First Multipartite Regional Meeting on the Financial Security of Older Women in East & Southeast Asia. Tsao Foundation.

Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97(2), 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y

Gilleard, C. (2020). The final stage of human development? Erikson’s view of integrity and old age. International Journal of Ageing and Later Life, 14(2), 139–162. https://doi.org/10.3384/ijal.1652-8670.1471

Hansen, D. G., Larsen, P. V., Holm, L. V., Rottmann, N., Bergholdt, S. H., & Søndergaard, J. (2012). Association between unmet needs and quality of life of cancer patients: A population-based study. Acta Oncologica, 52(2), 391–399. https://doi.org/10.3109/0284186x.2012.742204

Herr, M., Arvieu, J.-J., Aegerter, P., Robine, J.-M., & Ankri, J. (2013). Unmet health care needs of older people: Prevalence and predictors in a French cross-sectional survey. The European Journal of Public Health, 24(5), 808–813. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckt179

Hone, L., Jarden, A., & Schofield, G. (2013). Psychometric properties of the flourishing scale in a New Zealand sample. Social Indicators Research, 119(2), 1031–1045. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0501-x

Manalansan, M. F. (2016). Feeling Filipinos: Unraveling thoughts about the emotional and the (trans)national an introduction to the special issue. Journal of Asian American Studies, 19(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1353/jaas.2016.0004

Manton, K. G. (2007). Life expectancy. In J. E. Birren (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Gerontology (2nd ed., pp. 61–67). https://doi.org/10.1016/b0-12-370870-2/00110-4

Merz, E.-M., & Huxhold, O. (2010). Wellbeing depends on social relationship characteristics: Comparing different types and providers of support to older adults. Ageing and Society, 30(5), 843–857. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x10000061

Morse, J. M. (1991). Approaches to qualitative-quantitative methodological triangulation. Nursing Research, 40(2), 120–123. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-199103000-00014

Morse, J. M. (2003). Principles of mixed methods and multimethod research design. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social & Behavioral Research (pp. 189–208). Sage Publications.

Morse, J. M., & Niehaus, L. (2009). Mixed method design: principles and procedures. Routledge.

Musich, S., Wang, S. S., Kraemer, S., Hawkins, K., & Wicker, E. (2018). Purpose in life and positive health outcomes among older adults. Population Health Management, 21(2), 139–147. https://doi.org/10.1089/pop.2017.0063

Nagy, M. S. (2002). Using a single-item approach to measure facet job satisfaction. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75(1), 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317902167658

Newman, B. M., & Newman, P. R. (2012). Development through life: A psychosocial approach (11th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Nguyen, A. W., Chatters, L. M., Taylor, R. J., & Mouzon, D. M. (2015). Social support from family and friends and subjective well-being of older African Americans. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17, 959–979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9626-8

Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). The assessment of reliability. Psychometric Theory, 3, 248–292.

Otero, A., de Yébenes, M. J. G., Rodríguez-Laso, A., & Zunzunegui, M. V. (2003). Unmet home care needs among community-dwelling elderly people in Spain. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 15(3), 234–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03324504

Postmes, T., Haslam, S. A., & Jans, L. (2012). A single-item measure of social identification: Reliability, validity, and utility. British Journal of Social Psychology, 52(4), 597–617. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12006

Pozo-Muñoz, C., Garzón-Umerenkova, A., Bretones-Nieto, B., & Ligia-Charry, C. (2016). Psychometric properties and dimensionality of the “flourishing scale” in Spanish-speaking population. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 14(1), 175–192. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.14204/ejrep.38.15044

Philippine Statistics Authority. (2021). Population projection statistics. https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/census/projected-population

Philippine Statistics Authority. (2022). Age and sex distribution in the Philippine population (2020 census of population and housing). https://www.psa.gov.ph/content/age-and-sex-distribution-philippine-population-2020-census-population-and-housing

Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1998). The contours of positive human health. Psychological Inquiry, 9(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0901_1

Samuels, P. (2015). Advice on reliability analysis with small samples. Birmingham City University.

Scarpello, V., & Campbell, J. P. (1983). Job satisfaction: Are all the parts there? Personnel Psychology, 36(3), 577–600. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1983.tb02236.x

Schotanus-Dijkstra, M., Ten Klooster, P. M., Drossaert, C. H. C., Pieterse, M. E., Bolier, L., Walburg, J. A., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2016). Validation of the flourishing scale in a sample of people with suboptimal levels of mental well-being. BMC Psychology, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-016-0116-5

Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Free Press.

Silva, A. J., & Caetano, A. (2011). Validation of the flourishing scale and scale of positive and negative experience in Portugal. Social Indicators Research, 110(2), 469–478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9938-y

Tariga, J. A., & Cutamora, J. (2015). Predictors of subjective wellbeing among elderly. Recoletos Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 3(2), 141–171. https://doi.org/10.32871/rmrj1503.02.12

Teles, S., & Ribeiro, O. (2019). Activity theory. In D. Gu & M. Dupre (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69892-2_748-1

VanderWeele, T. J. (2017). On the promotion of human flourishing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(31), 8148–8156. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1702996114

Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E., & Hudy, M. J. (1997). Overall job satisfaction: How good are single-item measures? The Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(2), 247–252. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.2.247

Węziak-Białowolska, D., McNeely, E., & VanderWeele, T. (2017). Flourish index and secure flourish index–Development and validation. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3145336

Yurdugül , H. (2008). Minimum sample size for Cronbach’s coefficient alpha: A Monte Carlo-Study. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 35(35), 1–9.

Downloads

Published

2024-06-10

How to Cite

Ibañez, J. B. . ., Galindo, T. F., Menor, J. M., & Palompon, D. (2024). Flourishing in the Later Years: Exploring, Developing, Validating, and Reliability Testing of a Flourishing Scale for Filipino Older Adults. Recoletos Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 12(1), 85–97. https://doi.org/10.32871/rmrj2412.01.07

Issue

Section

Articles